Centipedes are segmented arthropods known for their numerous legs and swift movements. Found globally, their appearance can cause concern. This article clarifies misconceptions about black centipedes’ “poisonous” nature, details bite effects, and offers prevention and response advice.
Understanding Centipede Venom
Centipedes are venomous, not poisonous. Poisonous substances harm when ingested or absorbed, while venomous animals inject toxins, typically through a bite or sting. Centipedes possess specialized appendages called forcipules, modified front legs near their head. These forcipules act like pincers, allowing the centipede to pierce skin and inject venom into their prey or perceived threats.
The venom itself is a complex mixture designed to immobilize and begin the digestive process of their insect prey. While potent enough for small creatures, centipede venom is generally not life-threatening to humans. However, a bite can cause significant localized pain and discomfort. Larger centipede species often inject a greater volume of venom or have more potent toxins, potentially leading to a more intense reaction than smaller species.
Responding to a Centipede Bite
A centipede bite typically causes immediate, sharp pain, often with redness and localized swelling. Two distinct puncture marks may be visible where the forcipules entered the skin. The intensity of the pain can range from that of a bee sting to more severe discomfort, which may persist for several hours or even a few days. Some individuals may also experience itching, a burning sensation, or even temporary numbness or tingling around the affected area.
If bitten, wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water to minimize the risk of infection. Applying a cold compress or an ice pack, wrapped in a cloth, to the bite for 10 to 15 minutes to reduce swelling and alleviate pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers and antihistamines can manage discomfort and any localized allergic reactions.
Seek medical attention if symptoms worsen, do not improve within 48 hours, or if you notice signs of infection such as increased redness, warmth, pus, or a fever. Seek immediate medical help for any signs of a severe allergic reaction, including difficulty breathing, swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, widespread hives, dizziness, a rapid heart rate, or chest pain. Ensure your tetanus vaccination is up-to-date after any puncture wound.
Identifying and Preventing Encounters
Centipedes are characterized by their elongated, flattened, and segmented bodies, possessing one pair of legs per segment, always resulting in an odd number of leg pairs. They range in length from less than an inch to several inches, with some species reaching up to 7 inches. While many centipedes are reddish-brown, common “black centipedes” often encountered indoors, like house centipedes, are typically yellowish to dark brown but can appear darker in certain lighting. Stone centipedes are another variety that can be genuinely dark and are often found under rocks and logs. All centipedes are fast-moving, aiding them in hunting prey and evading threats.
Centipedes prefer dark, damp, and secluded environments, making areas like basements, bathrooms, and crawl spaces attractive. To deter them, it is beneficial to reduce moisture by fixing leaks, using dehumidifiers, and ensuring proper ventilation in humid areas. Sealing potential entry points is effective; this includes caulking cracks and gaps in foundations, around windows, and under doors. Removing clutter, such as leaf piles, firewood, and debris from around your home’s exterior, and decluttering indoor spaces, eliminates their hiding spots. Controlling general household pests also reduces their food source, making your home less appealing.