Armadillos are not poisonous, venomous, or toxic in any way. This misconception often arises from their unusual appearance or general caution associated with wild animals. They do not produce toxins or venoms to defend themselves or incapacitate prey. Understanding their natural behaviors and actual risks can help dispel these concerns.
Understanding Armadillos
Armadillos are unique mammals with a distinctive bony, armor-like shell covering their head, body, and tail. Their name, meaning “little armored one” in Spanish, reflects this characteristic. While about 20 species exist, primarily in Central and South America, the nine-banded armadillo is the only species native to the United States, predominantly in southern regions.
They are largely nocturnal, foraging for food after dusk, though they may be seen during the day, especially in cooler months. Their diet mainly consists of insects and other small invertebrates, which they locate with a keen sense of smell and dig for using their powerful claws. When threatened, their defense mechanisms involve fleeing, burrowing rapidly, or, for some species, rolling into a tight ball.
Health Risks Associated with Armadillos
While not poisonous, armadillos can carry pathogens that may pose health risks to humans. The most notable concern is Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium responsible for leprosy. Armadillos are one of the few animals, besides humans, that can naturally host this bacterium, particularly the nine-banded armadillo.
Transmission to humans typically involves prolonged, direct contact with an infected armadillo. This can occur through handling the animals, especially if there are cuts or scrapes on the skin, or through consuming undercooked armadillo meat. Studies show a link between leprosy cases in humans and contact with armadillos in prevalent areas like the southern United States and parts of Brazil. Although rare, this zoonotic transmission highlights the importance of caution.
Beyond leprosy, armadillos can carry other pathogens. For instance, they may carry Salmonella bacteria, which can be transmitted through contact with their feces, potentially contaminating water or food. Armadillos, like any wild mammal, can also contract and transmit rabies, usually through bites or scratches.
Safe Interaction and Prevention
Minimizing risks when encountering armadillos involves practical precautions. Observe these animals from a distance and never attempt to handle them, as they are wild creatures. Direct contact should be avoided to prevent pathogen transmission.
If handling a deceased armadillo, such as after a road accident, wear sturdy gloves to prevent direct skin contact. Thorough handwashing with soap and water is important after any contact with an armadillo or areas they frequent. Keep pets away from armadillos and their burrows to reduce the risk of disease transmission to household animals and humans. To deter armadillos from yards, remove food sources like insects through lawn treatment, secure trash, and consider fences that extend into the ground.