Armadillos are present in Tennessee, with their population increasing and expanding across the state. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is the primary species found. They have become more common in recent decades, particularly in the western and middle regions, and continue to spread eastward.
Characteristics of Tennessee Armadillos
The nine-banded armadillo has a bony, armor-like shell covering its body, head, legs, and tail. Its shell, or carapace, features nine movable bands, giving the animal its common name, though the actual number can vary. An adult armadillo typically measures between 28 and 33 inches in length, including its tail, and weighs between 6.6 and 11 pounds. They have short legs equipped with strong claws, used for digging burrows and foraging.
Armadillos are primarily nocturnal, though they may be seen during the day in cooler weather or after rain. They have poor eyesight but an excellent sense of smell, which they use to locate food up to six inches underground. Their diet consists mainly of invertebrates like ants, beetles, grubs, and spiders, which they extract using their long, sticky tongues. They also consume small reptiles, amphibians, and some plant matter like fruits.
Armadillo Range Expansion and Preferred Habitats
The nine-banded armadillo has significantly expanded its range northward and eastward from its historical southern distributions, reaching Tennessee within the last 30 to 50 years. This expansion shows an accelerated rate of spread. Factors contributing to this trend include climate warming, allowing them to survive in more northern regions due to their low body fat and inability to hibernate. Human-altered landscapes and transportation networks may also play a role, as armadillos utilize roadsides and areas where natural predators have been reduced.
Within Tennessee, armadillos prefer warm, wet climates and often inhabit forested areas, woodlands, and grasslands. They are frequently found near bodies of water, as they require moist soil for digging and to find insects. They create burrows for shelter, often located near structures like decks, patios, or fences. These burrows can be extensive, measuring 7 to 10 inches in diameter and sometimes extending up to 15 feet in length and 7 feet deep. Armadillos often maintain multiple burrows for refuge from weather or predators.
Coexisting with Armadillos
Armadillos can become a nuisance due to their extensive digging habits, which are part of their natural foraging and burrowing behaviors. Their activities can lead to significant property damage, including holes in lawns, gardens, and flowerbeds, typically 3 to 5 inches wide and 1 to 3 inches deep. Beyond surface damage, their burrows can compromise the structural integrity of sidewalks, driveways, patios, and home foundations, potentially leading to costly repairs. Uprooted plants and disturbed landscaping are also common signs.
Regarding disease transmission, nine-banded armadillos are one of the few mammals, alongside humans, known to carry the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease). While this connection exists, the risk of human transmission from armadillos is very low. The bacteria cannot survive long outside a host, meaning close and direct contact, such as handling, hunting, or consuming armadillos, is generally required for any potential risk. Studies in Tennessee have shown no evidence of widespread leprosy exposure in armadillo populations, and the human population is largely resistant to the disease. It is always advisable to avoid direct contact with wild armadillos.
To manage their presence, residents can implement strategies. Fencing is an effective deterrent; a sturdy fence should extend at least one foot below ground to prevent burrowing and be at least two feet high to discourage climbing. Modifying the habitat can also reduce their appeal. Maintaining a well-kept yard, regularly mowing, trimming bushes, and removing debris or fallen fruit can reduce food sources.
Repellents are available, but their effectiveness can be temporary or limited. For persistent issues or significant damage, contacting local wildlife services is recommended. Professionals can safely trap and relocate armadillos in compliance with local regulations, and help identify potential entry points and suggest long-term prevention.