Peonies are highly diverse garden flowers, and their fragrance is far from universal. The presence and intensity of scent depend heavily on the specific variety and species from which the plant was bred. Many modern hybridizers have focused on achieving vibrant colors, large bloom sizes, or strong stems, often without selecting for a strong fragrance. The answer to whether all peonies are fragrant requires a closer look at their genetic background and environmental influences.
The Varied Fragrance Landscape
The presence of fragrance is primarily a genetic trait tied to the peony’s lineage. Most highly fragrant peonies belong to the herbaceous species Paeonia lactiflora, commonly known as the Chinese Peony. Classic, heavily scented varieties like ‘Festiva Maxima’ and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ are descendants of this species. These cultivars are recognized for their ability to release a scent that can be noticed several feet away.
In contrast, other peony types, such as woody Tree Peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa) and many newer Intersectional (Itoh) hybrids, show much more variability. While some Itoh hybrids, like ‘Bartzella,’ are noted for a pleasant aroma, many hybrids bred for unique colors are often non-fragrant. The lack of fragrance is common among single-form and red-colored cultivars across all peony groups.
Defining Peony Scent Profiles
When a peony possesses a fragrance, the scent falls into a distinct spectrum of profiles. The most desirable profile is the classic Rose or Sweet scent, resulting from compounds like geraniol and citronellol. Cultivars with this profile often smell like a blend of old garden roses or lilies.
Another distinct category is the Citrus or Lemon fragrance, often characterized by the presence of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, which gives a clean, fresh note. A third profile is the Spicy scent, found in some red and deep pink varieties, with notes reminiscent of clove or nutmeg.
However, not all peony scents are pleasant. Some hybrids emit a Musky or Foul fragrance, described as a faint, unpleasant odor like a chemical or stale gym bag. This less-desirable aroma is caused by different VOCs, such as certain aldehydes and ketones.
Environmental Factors Affecting Intensity
The intensity of a peony’s fragrance is not constant, as the release of its scent molecules is highly sensitive to external conditions. Warmer air temperatures increase the evaporation rate of these compounds from the petals, temporarily intensifying the smell. This is why a peony may seem more fragrant on a warm, still morning than on a cool, windy afternoon.
The time of day also influences the perception of fragrance, with many scented peonies being strongest in the mid-morning. As the day progresses, the emission rate of volatile oils can change, often decreasing as the bloom reaches full maturity. High humidity can trap the scent molecules closer to the flower, allowing for a more concentrated aroma, while low humidity allows the scent to dissipate more rapidly.
Selecting and Placing Fragrant Cultivars
For a gardener seeking a fragrant display, the selection process must move beyond color and form to focus on the specific cultivar name. Consult detailed descriptions that explicitly state the fragrance level and profile, looking for terms like “highly fragrant” or “sweetly scented.” Simply choosing a Paeonia lactiflora variety is not enough, as fragrance intensity varies significantly even within this species. White and pink double-flowered varieties are generally the most reliable choices for strong perfume.
Once a fragrant cultivar is chosen, strategic placement in the garden is necessary to maximize the enjoyment of its aroma. Positioning fragrant peonies near high-traffic areas, such as patios, walkways, or benches, allows the scent to be fully appreciated. Planting them close to a window or entryway can also allow the volatile compounds released by the flowers to drift indoors on a warm breeze, extending their fragrant impact.