Not all dove species migrate; their behavior varies significantly by species. The Columbidae family, encompassing doves and pigeons, includes members with diverse adaptations. Some doves undertake seasonal journeys, while others remain in their territories year-round.
Species-Specific Migration Patterns
The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) offers a clear example of migratory behavior. These birds are considered partial migrants, meaning that not all populations migrate, and some individuals within northern populations may remain resident. Populations breeding in Canada and the northern United States typically migrate south to warmer regions, including the southern U.S., Mexico, and Central America. These migrations usually occur along north-south flyways, with birds moving in flocks during daylight hours.
The timing of migration can also vary by age and sex. Young Mourning Doves often initiate the southward journey earlier than adults. While some doves may travel thousands of miles, the average speed of their fall migration flight ranges from approximately 6 to 13 miles per day. Doves that nest in the southern parts of their range show less tendency to migrate and may remain in their breeding grounds year-round.
Factors Driving Dove Migration
Environmental cues and resource considerations prompt certain dove species to migrate. A primary driver is food availability, which diminishes in colder climates as seasons change. Seeds and grains, a staple diet for many doves, become scarce during harsh winters, necessitating a move to areas where foraging is easier.
Climate and temperature also play a significant role, as migration allows doves to avoid severe winter conditions. Moving to warmer regions conserves energy and improves survival rates. Doves also return north in spring to optimal breeding grounds. These movements are often triggered by changes in daylight length.
Resident Dove Behavior
In contrast to migratory species, many doves exhibit resident behavior, remaining in the same geographical area throughout the year. The Rock Dove (Columba livia), commonly known as the common pigeon, is a prime example of a non-migratory species. These doves have successfully adapted to human environments, frequently inhabiting urban and suburban areas where resources are consistently available.
Another notable resident species is the Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelta decaocto), which also largely stays put, though some short-distance dispersal or altitudinal movements may occur. Both Rock Doves and Eurasian Collared-Doves benefit from year-round access to food sources, often relying on human-provided sustenance like spilled grains and discarded food. Their ability to utilize sheltered roosting sites within cities, such as buildings and cliffs, allows them to tolerate varying climates, removing the necessity for long-distance seasonal movements.