The genus Chrysanthemum, commonly known as mums, represents a large and diverse group of flowering plants belonging to the Asteraceae family. While these plants are widely celebrated for their vibrant, late-season blooms that serve as popular garden ornamentals, the simple answer to whether all chrysanthemums are edible is no. Edibility is highly dependent on the specific species and cultivar being considered. The difference between a beautiful garden plant and a food item lies in centuries of selective breeding.
Distinguishing Edible and Ornamental Species
The primary divergence in chrysanthemums is between those bred for garden aesthetics and those cultivated for consumption. Ornamental varieties are typically bred for large, double, or pompon-shaped flowers with a wide range of colors, prioritizing visual spectacle over flavor and safety. These garden center mums should generally be assumed to be non-edible due to their unknown species or cultivar and potential exposure to non-food-safe chemicals.
The species known for edibility have historically been cultivated for their leaves or small, simple flowers. One of the most common culinary species is Chrysanthemum morifolium, often used for its flowers to make a tea. Another important food crop is Chrysanthemum coronarium, also known as Garland Chrysanthemum or Shungiku, which is prized for its aromatic, edible greens.
Edible varieties often feature a more upright growth habit, being grown primarily as a leafy vegetable. Their leaves are typically milder in flavor, though some still carry a pungent or slightly bitter note. In contrast, the leaves of ornamental varieties can be darker, coarser, and possess a stronger, more bitter aroma.
Culinary and Traditional Applications
Edible chrysanthemums have been a part of East Asian culinary traditions for centuries, utilizing both the flowers and the greens. The dried flower heads, usually from the yellow or white varieties of C. morifolium, are steeped in hot water to create “Chrysanthemum Tea.” This beverage has a light, refreshing, and mildly sweet flavor profile with gentle floral and subtle honey undertones.
The leaves and young stems of C. coronarium are used extensively as a leafy green vegetable in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Known as Shungiku in Japan, these greens are incorporated into hot pots, stir-fries, and soups. They are often added near the end of cooking to prevent them from becoming overly bitter or overcooked.
Traditional Use
Beyond cuisine, chrysanthemums have a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The flower tea is known for its “cooling” properties. This traditional use involves consuming the tea to address conditions related to “excessive heat,” such as fever, headaches, and sore throats. This is based on traditional practice and is not a medical claim.
Essential Safety and Sourcing Considerations
Consuming any chrysanthemum requires attention to safety. The most significant hazard comes from the widespread use of chemicals in the floral and ornamental plant industry. Ornamental mums are frequently treated with systemic pesticides, fungicides, and growth regulators that are not approved for food crops and are unsafe for human consumption.
Edible varieties must come from food-grade or organic suppliers to guarantee they are free of harmful residues. The chrysanthemum genus also contains naturally occurring compounds called pyrethrins, which are potent insecticides. Ingesting high concentrations, particularly from parts of the plant not typically consumed, can lead to digestive disturbances.
Allergic Reactions
Another important safety factor is the risk of allergic reactions, as chrysanthemums are members of the Asteraceae family (the daisy family). These plants contain sensitizing compounds called sesquiterpene lactones, which are common allergens. Individuals with known allergies to related plants like ragweed, daisies, or marigolds may experience cross-reactions, manifesting as contact dermatitis or other allergic symptoms. Before consuming, all parts of the plant should be thoroughly washed to remove surface impurities.