Ancylostoma braziliense is a species of hookworm. While it primarily infects animals, specifically domestic cats and dogs, it can also cause accidental infection in humans. This parasite causes a skin condition in people, though it cannot complete its life cycle within the human host.
Ancylostoma Braziliense Overview
Ancylostoma braziliense belongs to the genus Ancylostoma and is recognized as an intestinal parasite of cats and dogs. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions globally, including the southeastern United States, Central and South America, Africa, and parts of Asia. The eggs of this hookworm are passed into the environment through the feces of infected animals. These eggs then hatch into larvae, with the third-stage filariform larvae being the infective form for humans.
How Infection Occurs
Humans become infected with Ancylostoma braziliense when filariform larvae penetrate unbroken skin. This often happens when individuals walk barefoot or sit on contaminated soil or sand, such as on beaches where pet feces may be present. The larvae use protease enzymes to aid their penetration into the skin. Once inside the human body, the larvae remain confined to the skin.
Symptoms and Health Effects
The primary clinical manifestation of Ancylostoma braziliense infection in humans is Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM), also known as “creeping eruption” or “ground itch.” It is characterized by intensely itchy, reddish, winding tracks on the skin, caused by migrating larvae tunneling through the upper layers of the epidermis. The tracks appear on areas of the body that had direct contact with contaminated soil or sand, such as the feet, legs, buttocks, and hands. Intense itching is a hallmark symptom, sometimes accompanied by a tingling or prickling sensation at the site of penetration; however, the larvae eventually die within a few weeks or months.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis of Cutaneous Larva Migrans is primarily clinical, relying on the characteristic appearance of the skin lesions and the patient’s history of exposure. A healthcare provider will consider factors such as recent travel to tropical or subtropical regions and direct contact with contaminated soil or sand.
Treatment for Ancylostoma braziliense infection, specifically CLM, aims to eliminate the larvae and alleviate symptoms. Oral anthelminthic medications are preferred due to their effectiveness and ease of use. Common treatments include albendazole and ivermectin, often given as a single dose or a short course. Topical treatments like thiabendazole liquid or cream can also be used for symptomatic relief. Although the infection often resolves on its own within a few weeks, treatment is recommended to reduce discomfort and prevent secondary bacterial infections from scratching.
Preventing Infection
Preventing Ancylostoma braziliense infection involves avoiding direct contact with potentially contaminated soil or sand. It is advisable to wear shoes, especially when on beaches or in sandy areas where pet feces might be present. When lying on the ground, using protective coverings like towels or mats can create a barrier between the skin and the soil. Proper disposal of pet waste is also important to prevent the spread of hookworm eggs into the environment. Regular deworming of domestic cats and dogs, which are the primary hosts for this parasite, helps to reduce environmental contamination and, consequently, the risk of human infection.