The amniotic membrane eye procedure treats various ocular surface conditions. This therapy uses a unique tissue to promote healing and reduce inflammation in the eye. It offers an option for individuals with persistent eye discomfort or damage.
Understanding the Amniotic Membrane
The amniotic membrane is the innermost layer of the placenta, acting as a natural protective barrier for a developing fetus. This thin, transparent tissue contains stem cells, growth factors, and cytokines, which contribute to its therapeutic effects and are beneficial for ocular healing.
The membrane exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-scarring, and pro-healing capabilities. Its structure resembles that of the cornea and conjunctiva, encouraging cellular growth and regeneration on the eye’s surface. The stromal layer, containing hyaluronic acid, also helps reduce inflammation and prevent scar tissue formation.
Amniotic membranes are sourced from donated placentas after healthy, full-term Cesarean sections. Donors undergo thorough clinical screening for infectious diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis, and provide informed consent. The collected placentas are transported to specialized tissue banks, where the amniotic membrane is separated under sterile conditions and processed for preservation.
Eye Conditions Treated
The amniotic membrane procedure is employed for various ocular surface conditions where healing is impaired or inflammation is significant. It is used for persistent epithelial defects, which are non-healing wounds on the cornea, as the membrane promotes cellular repair and regeneration. For individuals with severe dry eye disease, amniotic membranes help restore moisture, reduce inflammation, and encourage healing of the corneal surface.
The procedure also treats:
- Corneal ulcers, which are open sores on the cornea, by reducing inflammation, providing a healing environment, and minimizing scarring.
- Chemical burns to the eye, by protecting the ocular surface, supporting recovery, and helping prevent new blood vessel formation that can impair vision.
- Neurotrophic keratopathy, a condition involving nerve damage to the cornea, by improving nerve regeneration.
- Pterygium, a growth on the conjunctiva, to reduce recurrence rates after surgical removal.
The Procedure Steps
The amniotic membrane can be applied to the eye in different ways, depending on the specific eye condition and membrane product. One common method involves a “graft” where the membrane is directly placed onto the affected ocular surface. This graft can be secured with sutures to the surrounding conjunctiva or sclera, or it can be a sutureless transplantation, relying on the membrane’s natural adherence.
Another method uses a “patch” approach, involving a self-retaining device like PROKERA. This device consists of a clear, ring-shaped retainer with the amniotic membrane secured within it, similar to a large contact lens. The device is inserted onto the eye, remaining in place for several days to a few weeks, continuously releasing healing factors. This outpatient procedure is performed in a clinic setting, with the patient experiencing minimal discomfort during application.
Regardless of the method, the goal is to provide a protective barrier and healing factors directly to the damaged ocular surface. The selection between a sutured graft, sutureless graft, or a self-retaining device depends on factors like the defect’s size and location, desired membrane contact duration, and surgeon’s preference. Patients can return home shortly after the procedure’s completion.
Post-Procedure Care and Outcomes
Following an amniotic membrane eye procedure, patients will have a recovery phase with specific care instructions. The ophthalmologist prescribes eye drops, including antibiotics to prevent infection and anti-inflammatory drops to manage swelling. Patients are advised to wear protective eyewear, such as an eye shield or sunglasses, to safeguard the treated eye from external irritants.
Temporary discomfort, such as a foreign body sensation or mild irritation, can occur as the eye begins to heal. This sensation subsides as the eye recovers. The recovery timeline varies depending on the specific condition treated and the type of membrane application.
Outcomes of the procedure include reduced pain and inflammation, improved ocular surface healing, and decreased scarring. For conditions affecting vision, such as corneal ulcers or severe dry eye, vision restoration is a benefit as the eye surface heals and becomes smoother. The therapeutic benefits can last for several months, providing sustained relief and promoting long-term ocular health.