A mouse allergy occurs when the body’s immune system overreacts to specific proteins found in mice. The immune system mistakenly identifies these harmless proteins as threats. When exposed, the body initiates a defensive response, releasing chemicals that lead to various allergy symptoms.
Recognizing the Signs
Individuals with a mouse allergy can experience a range of symptoms, often categorized by the affected body system. Respiratory symptoms are common, including sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, and an itchy nose. Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness can also occur, particularly for those with allergic asthma, which mouse allergens are linked to.
Skin reactions may manifest as hives, generalized itching, or flare-ups of eczema. Ocular symptoms involve itchy, watery, and red eyes. While most reactions are mild to moderate, severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, are rare but possible and require immediate medical attention.
Why Mouse Allergies Occur
Mouse allergies develop due to specific proteins, known as allergens, found in mouse urine, dander (skin flakes), saliva, and feces. The main allergen identified is Mus m 1, a major urinary protein. These microscopic particles can become airborne and spread throughout buildings, even without live mice. When inhaled or coming into contact with the body, these allergens trigger the immune system of a sensitized individual, which perceives them as threats. This triggers the release of chemicals like histamines from mast cells and basophils. Histamines increase blood flow and cause inflammation, leading to characteristic allergic symptoms. Exposure often occurs in homes with infestations, laboratory settings, or older buildings.
Preventing and Treating Allergic Reactions
Minimizing exposure to mouse allergens is a primary strategy for preventing and managing allergic reactions. Sealing entry points into homes, such as cracks around windows, doors, pipes, and foundations, can help deter mice. Storing food in airtight containers, regularly cleaning trash cans, and maintaining a tidy yard also reduce mouse appeal. Professional pest control may be necessary for existing infestations.
For individuals whose work involves mice, such as laboratory personnel, protective measures are important. These include performing animal manipulations in ventilated hoods or biological safety cabinets, wearing dedicated lab coats, gloves, and N95 masks, and ensuring adequate ventilation in animal housing areas. Frequent handwashing and avoiding touching the face while working with animals further reduce exposure.
Treatment options for managing mouse allergy symptoms include over-the-counter antihistamines to reduce itching, sneezing, and runny nose, and decongestants for nasal congestion. Nasal corticosteroids can also alleviate nasal and ocular symptoms. For persistent or severe allergies, immunotherapy, also known as allergy shots, offers a long-term treatment approach. Seeking medical consultation is recommended for persistent symptoms, severe reactions, or if over-the-counter remedies do not provide sufficient relief.