Tribulus terrestris is a leafy plant, a common ingredient in many dietary supplements. Also known as puncture vine, it has a long history in traditional Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine. It is often featured in products for athletic performance and male reproductive health.
Reported Uses and Mechanisms
People frequently turn to Tribulus terrestris supplements for various benefits, including enhanced athletic performance and physical endurance. It is also commonly used to boost libido and sexual desire in both men and women. Some individuals use it to support testosterone levels, aiming to improve muscle mass and strength. The plant is also traditionally believed to support male fertility and address sexual dysfunction.
The proposed biological mechanisms behind these effects center on the plant’s active compounds, primarily saponins. A specific type of saponin, protodioscin, is thought to be responsible for some of its actions. These compounds are believed to interact with the body’s hormonal systems, potentially influencing levels of hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). While these mechanisms are frequently cited, their actual impact in humans is a subject of ongoing scientific inquiry.
Scientific Evidence
Scientific research has explored the claims associated with Tribulus terrestris, yielding mixed and often inconclusive results. Most human studies indicate that Tribulus terrestris supplements do not significantly increase male hormones in healthy individuals. Despite being marketed as a testosterone booster, evidence does not consistently support this claim.
For sexual function, findings are more varied. Some research suggests that Tribulus terrestris may enhance sexual desire, arousal, and satisfaction in women experiencing low libido. In men, studies on erectile dysfunction have produced inconsistent outcomes; some reports indicate improvements in sexual satisfaction and function at higher doses, while other research found no effective treatment. The effectiveness appears to depend on the specific condition and dosage used.
Regarding athletic performance and body composition, the scientific consensus is consistent: Tribulus terrestris does not appear to improve muscle gain, strength, or exercise performance in athletes. While some animal studies show promising results for other health benefits like blood sugar and cholesterol control, human research remains limited and requires further investigation.
Safety and Dosage Considerations
Tribulus terrestris is considered safe when taken orally for short durations. Doses between 750 mg and 1500 mg daily have been used in studies for up to 90 days, with side effects typically mild and infrequent. These may include stomach discomfort, cramping, diarrhea, headache, nausea, or increased menstrual flow.
Safety considerations exist. Consuming the fruit of the plant is likely unsafe and has been associated with severe lung issues. Use during pregnancy is possibly unsafe, as animal studies suggest potential harm to fetal development. There is also insufficient reliable information regarding its safety during breastfeeding, making avoidance advisable.
High doses or prolonged use may lead to more serious concerns, such as changes to the menstrual cycle, acne, or enlargement of the prostate. Acute liver and kidney poisoning has been reported with very high doses. Furthermore, Tribulus terrestris may interact with certain medications; it could lower blood sugar, posing a risk for individuals on diabetes medication, or reduce blood pressure, which could be problematic for those taking antihypertensive drugs. It may also affect how the body eliminates lithium. Consulting a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement is recommended, especially for those with pre-existing health conditions or on other medications.