A polyp is a growth of tissue that extends from a mucous membrane. While polyps can develop in various parts of the body, they are sometimes found in the esophagus, the tube connecting your throat to your stomach. Although the discovery of a growth might cause concern, esophageal polyps are frequently benign, meaning they are non-cancerous.
What Are Esophageal Polyps?
Esophageal polyps are abnormal tissue growths that form on the inner lining of the esophagus. These growths can vary in appearance. They are generally less common than polyps found in other parts of the digestive tract, such as the stomach or intestines.
Esophageal polyps can be broadly categorized into epithelial and mesenchymal types, depending on the tissue from which they originate. One common type is the squamous papilloma, which can be identified on endoscopy. Inflammatory polyps, often smooth and rounded, are another type linked to chronic irritation. Fibrous polyps are another type, and some polyps may be related to human papillomavirus (HPV).
Causes and Symptoms
The exact cause of esophageal polyps is not always clear, but several factors may contribute to their formation. Chronic irritation or inflammation of the esophageal lining, such as that caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a recognized risk factor. Other potential contributing factors include age (more common in older adults) and sex (more frequent in men).
Many esophageal polyps do not cause any noticeable symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during medical examinations for other conditions. However, if symptoms do occur, they usually relate to the polyp’s size or location. Individuals might experience difficulty swallowing, known as dysphagia. Other symptoms include heartburn, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Esophageal polyps are identified through an upper endoscopy, a procedure where a flexible tube with a camera is inserted. During this examination, the doctor can visualize the polyp’s characteristics, such as its size, shape, and location. A biopsy is performed to collect a tissue sample, which is then examined under a microscope to determine if the polyp is benign or malignant.
Treatment approaches for esophageal polyps depend on several factors, including the polyp’s size, type, and whether it is causing symptoms. For many benign polyps, endoscopic removal, also known as polypectomy, is a common and minimally invasive procedure. This involves using specialized tools passed through the endoscope to remove the growth. In rare instances, particularly for very large polyps or those with specific concerning features, surgical removal may be considered.
Prognosis and When to Seek Medical Care
The prognosis for most esophageal polyps is favorable, as the majority are benign and do not develop into cancer. Following removal of a polyp, regular monitoring with follow-up endoscopies and biopsies may be recommended to ensure no new growths appear or that the underlying cause, such as GERD, is managed effectively. Surveillance is important, especially if the polyp was removed due to symptoms or certain characteristics.
While rare, some polyps can be precancerous or cancerous, highlighting the importance of diagnosis and follow-up. It is advisable to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms like difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, chronic heartburn, or chest pain that does not resolve. Early evaluation can help identify and address any esophageal growths, ensuring appropriate management.