Twenty-two weeks marks a significant midpoint in the second trimester, characterized by remarkable fetal growth and refinement, coupled with increasingly pronounced physical changes for the expectant mother. A greater focus is placed on monitoring the baby’s activity and understanding the difference between common discomforts and signs that require medical attention.
Fetal Development and Sensory Milestones
At 22 weeks of gestation, the developing baby is entering a period of rapid weight gain and structural maturation. The fetus is now measured from crown to heel, reaching a length of approximately 11 inches and weighing close to one pound (450 to 460 grams). This size increase means the baby is beginning to fill the uterine space and their movements are becoming more distinct to the mother.
The senses are advancing quickly, with the auditory system becoming functional. The baby can now hear sounds from the outside world, including the mother’s voice. Though the eyelids are typically still fused, the eyes are developed enough to perceive a bright light shined across the mother’s abdomen.
Fine, downy hair, known as lanugo, covers the baby’s entire body to help regulate temperature, as the layer of fat beneath the skin is still very thin. The skin itself remains transparent and somewhat pink due to the visible blood vessels beneath the surface. The baby is actively practicing for life outside the womb by swallowing amniotic fluid and making rudimentary breathing motions. Furthermore, the development of touch receptors allows the baby to explore their surroundings, often grasping the umbilical cord.
Maternal Physical and Emotional Changes
The mother’s body continues to adjust to the growing pregnancy, with the uterus now having expanded to approximately two centimeters above the navel. This uterine growth contributes to a noticeable shift in the center of gravity, which can affect balance and posture.
Hormonal fluctuations influence changes in the skin. Stretch marks (striae gravidarum) may appear on the abdomen, breasts, or thighs as the skin stretches to accommodate the expansion. Some women also notice chloasma, or the “mask of pregnancy,” which presents as patches of darker skin on the face.
Emotional well-being often improves compared to the initial weeks, with many experiencing a return of energy and less nausea. However, the emotional landscape can still be varied, ranging from feelings of excitement and attachment to occasional anxiety. The hormone relaxin, which loosens joints in preparation for birth, can also contribute to a widening of the feet.
Managing Common Second Trimester Discomfort
Back and hip pain is frequent as the growing uterus strains the ligaments and shifts the body’s posture. Sleeping on the side with a supportive pregnancy pillow placed between the knees and ankles can help align the hips and spine, reducing overnight discomfort.
Swelling (edema) in the feet and ankles occurs because of increased blood volume and pressure from the uterus on the veins. Elevating the legs several times a day and wearing supportive compression stockings can help mitigate this fluid retention. It is also beneficial to avoid standing for extended periods, as this can exacerbate lower-extremity swelling.
Braxton Hicks contractions may begin to occur, feeling like a mild, irregular tightening or hardening of the abdomen. These “practice contractions” typically ease with a change in position or an increase in fluid intake. True labor contractions, by contrast, become progressively stronger, more painful, and occur at regular intervals.
Leg cramps, often occurring at night, are another common complaint that can be linked to hydration and electrolyte balance. Stretching the calf muscles before bed and ensuring adequate intake of water and magnesium-rich foods can help prevent these painful spasms. A gentle massage or applying mild heat to the affected area can also provide immediate relief when a cramp strikes.
Monitoring Fetal Movement and Urgent Signs
The subtle initial movements, known as quickening, are typically felt between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. These sensations may feel like gentle flutters, bubbles, or pops, and while they are not yet strong enough to be counted formally, awareness of their presence is important. It is beneficial to begin tuning in to the baby’s activity, though a consistent pattern of movement is not usually established until later in the third trimester.
A noticeable and concerning reduction in the baby’s typical amount of movement warrants immediate contact with a healthcare provider. Do not wait for a scheduled appointment if you perceive a significant change in activity, as decreased movement can be an indication of fetal distress.
Certain physical symptoms require emergency medical attention and should never be ignored. These urgent signs include any sudden leakage of fluid from the vagina, which may indicate a ruptured amniotic sac. Persistent, severe abdominal cramping, heavy vaginal bleeding, or a combination of severe, unremitting headaches and vision changes, such as blurring, also require immediate contact with a healthcare professional.