Mice, often called “mouse models” or “murine models,” are widely used in scientific research. They play a significant role in advancing biological and medical understanding, particularly in disease research.
Reasons for Their Use
Mice are widely adopted research models due to a combination of biological and practical characteristics. They share significant genetic similarity with humans, with approximately 95% of protein-coding genes being identical. This allows researchers to study human diseases and genetic disorders by manipulating the mouse genome.
Mice also have rapid reproductive cycles and short lifespans, typically two to three years. This allows scientists to observe disease progression and the effects of treatments across an entire lifespan or multiple generations in a relatively short period, which would be impractical with human subjects. Their gestation period is around three weeks, and they produce large litters, ensuring a consistent supply for research.
Beyond their biological suitability, mice are relatively easy and cost-effective to breed and house in controlled laboratory environments. Their small size makes them convenient for researchers and animal technicians to manage. These practical advantages, combined with their genetic and physiological similarities to humans, make mice a preferred choice for a wide range of scientific investigations.
Contributions to Research
The use of mice has led to numerous scientific discoveries and advancements across various fields. They have been instrumental in understanding human diseases like cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Mouse models have helped elucidate cancer mechanisms and test new therapies, such as the monoclonal antibody Herceptin for breast cancer.
Mice have also been invaluable in developing and testing new drugs and therapies, allowing researchers to assess potential success and safety before human trials. Their contribution extends to vaccine research, being foundational for the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines and those for polio and meningitis. Mice are also widely used in genetic studies, enabling scientists to investigate the function of specific genes and their role in diseases. They have also contributed to advancements in behavioral science and understanding complex biological processes like immune responses.
Ethical Oversight
The scientific community recognizes the ethical considerations involved in animal research, and strict regulations are in place to ensure the humane treatment of mice. In the United States, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) oversee and approve all research protocols involving animals. These committees comprise scientists, veterinarians, and community members, ensuring diverse perspectives on animal welfare.
IACUCs ensure research adheres to ethical standards and complies with regulations like the Animal Welfare Act. A guiding framework for animal research is the “3Rs” principle: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement encourages using alternatives to animals when possible, Reduction aims to minimize the number of animals used without compromising scientific validity, and Refinement focuses on improving animal welfare by minimizing pain and distress through better husbandry and procedures. This robust oversight reflects a commitment to minimizing animal suffering while advancing scientific knowledge.