Earwax, or cerumen, is a natural substance produced within the ear canal. It protects the ear’s delicate structures. Composed of secretions from sebaceous and ceruminous glands, along with dead skin cells and hair, earwax helps to lubricate the ear canal and prevent it from drying out.
It also acts as a barrier, trapping dust, dirt, and foreign particles. Additionally, cerumen possesses antimicrobial properties, defending against bacteria and fungi. The ear naturally cleans itself, as jaw movements from talking or chewing help to slowly migrate old earwax out of the ear canal.
Understanding Ear Wax Types
Earwax occurs as “wet” or “dry” types. Both are normal variations. Wet earwax is typically soft, sticky, and can range in color from yellow to dark brown. Its viscous nature helps trap foreign bodies and provides lubrication.
Dry earwax, in contrast, is more crumbly, flaky, and often appears gray or tan. While less sticky, it still contributes to protecting the ear from foreign particles. Prevalence varies across populations, indicating a genetic influence.
The Genetic Factor in Ear Wax
Earwax consistency is determined by a genetic variation within the ABCC11 gene. This gene, located on chromosome 16, contains a specific genetic marker (SNP) at position 538, where either a guanine (G) or an adenine (A) is present. At least one G allele (GG or GA genotypes) results in dominant wet earwax. Conversely, two A alleles (AA genotype) result in recessive dry earwax.
The ABCC11 gene variants show distinct geographical patterns. The wet type (G allele) is very common among populations of European and African descent, with prevalence rates reaching approximately 95% to 100%. In contrast, the dry type (A allele) is highly prevalent in East Asian populations, such as those in Korea and northern China, where it can be found in 80-95% of individuals. This genetic difference also correlates with variations in underarm odor, as the ABCC11 gene influences the transport of certain molecules in sweat.
Beyond Consistency: Other Ear Wax Insights
Beyond consistency, earwax varies in color and texture. Healthy earwax can be off-white, yellow, orange, light brown, or dark brown. The color often relates to the wax’s age and the amount of debris it has collected; newer wax tends to be lighter, while older wax may appear darker as it oxidizes.
Normal textures can range from soft to firm. While most variations are harmless, certain changes in earwax warrant attention from a healthcare professional. If earwax appears green, which may indicate an infection, or black, which can suggest a significant blockage, medical consultation is advisable. Similarly, earwax with red streaks or a foul smell, or accompanied by symptoms such as pain, pus, sudden hearing loss, or dizziness, should prompt a visit to a doctor. These symptoms could signal an ear injury, infection, or a severe impaction that requires professional removal.