Green iguanas are a noticeable part of the landscape in many parts of Florida, particularly in the southern regions. These large reptiles, often seen basking in the sun or climbing trees, have become a common sight for residents and visitors alike. Their presence has also led to widespread efforts to manage their populations, raising questions about why these animals are being removed from the Florida environment.
Iguanas as an Invasive Species
Green iguanas are not native to Florida; their natural range spans Central and South America and some Caribbean islands. Their introduction to Florida is primarily linked to the pet trade, with many individuals escaping or being intentionally released by owners. Introductions dating back to the 1960s led to established populations in the state.
Florida’s subtropical climate provides an ideal environment for green iguanas to thrive, mimicking their native habitats. The absence of natural predators that control their numbers has further contributed to their rapid proliferation. This combination of favorable conditions and a lack of ecological checks has resulted in their classification as an invasive non-native species, posing a threat to the local ecosystem and human interests.
Harm to Florida’s Ecosystems
Green iguanas disrupt Florida’s ecosystems through their feeding habits. As primarily herbivorous animals, they consume a wide variety of native vegetation, including the leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants like hibiscus and orchids. This appetite can alter plant communities and compete with native wildlife that rely on these food sources.
Beyond plant consumption, iguanas prey on the eggs of native ground-nesting birds, such as the Least Tern. They also threaten other vulnerable species by consuming the eggs of gopher tortoises. These reptiles use the burrows of native animals, including the Florida burrowing owl and gopher tortoise, which can displace these protected species from their habitats.
Damage to Property and Public Spaces
Green iguanas cause damage to human infrastructure and landscaping, leading to considerable repair costs. Their burrowing activities can undermine the structural integrity of seawalls, sidewalks, and building foundations. These burrows, some reaching up to 80 feet in length, can destabilize structures and contribute to erosion, particularly along canal banks.
Iguanas also damage residential and commercial landscaping. They consume ornamental plants, garden greens, and various fruits and vegetables, causing economic losses for property owners. Their frequent defecation on patios, pool decks, docks, and rooftops creates sanitation issues and can lead to unsightly staining.
Public Health Risks
Beyond environmental and structural damage, green iguanas present public health concerns. The primary risk stems from their capacity to carry and transmit Salmonella bacteria. This bacterium can be shed through their feces, contaminating surfaces and water bodies.
Contact with contaminated areas, such as swimming pools or outdoor living spaces, can pose a risk to humans and pets. While Salmonella infections typically cause gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea and fever, they can be more severe for vulnerable populations, including young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Florida’s Management Strategy
Recognizing the widespread impacts of green iguanas, Florida authorities, primarily the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), have established clear management guidelines. Green iguanas are not protected in Florida, except by anti-cruelty laws. This status permits individuals to remove them from private property.
The FWC encourages homeowners to humanely remove iguanas from their property. While specific methods ensure humane treatment, the general policy allows for their capture and killing. Individuals can undertake this themselves or hire professional wildlife trappers. Captured iguanas cannot be relocated and released elsewhere in Florida, and methods like poisoning or drowning are illegal. As of April 29, 2021, green iguanas were added to Florida’s prohibited species list, further restricting their sale and possession.