Women diagnosed with breast cancer often experience weight gain, a recognized challenge during and after treatment. This increase in weight can cause anxiety and impact overall health. While various factors contribute to this phenomenon, understanding these influences can help patients and survivors manage their well-being.
Why Weight Gain Occurs
Weight gain in breast cancer patients stems from a combination of physiological and lifestyle changes. Hormonal therapies, such as aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen, can affect metabolism and fat distribution. Aromatase inhibitors work by lowering estrogen levels, which can lead to metabolic shifts and increased fat storage, similar to natural menopause.
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can also contribute to weight gain. Premenopausal women receiving tamoxifen or other endocrine therapies may be more likely to gain weight.
Chemotherapy can also contribute to weight gain through multiple mechanisms. It may cause fatigue, reducing physical activity levels, and can induce nausea, sometimes leading to changes in eating habits as patients might find comfort in food. Additionally, chemotherapy can cause fluid retention, or edema, contributing to an increase on the scale.
A significant factor is chemotherapy-induced early menopause, which can occur temporarily or permanently. This premature onset of menopause leads to a decrease in metabolism and a shift in body composition, with an increase in body fat and a loss of lean muscle.
Steroids, often prescribed with chemotherapy to reduce nausea or inflammation, can also play a role. These medications can increase appetite and lead to fluid retention, as well as an increase in fatty tissue, particularly in the abdomen, face, and neck.
Reduced physical activity due to fatigue, pain, or other treatment side effects is another common contributor. Changes in eating habits, such as increased caloric intake or cravings for sweets and carbohydrates, can also lead to weight gain. Overall, weight gain in breast cancer survivors can range from 1 to 5 kg during treatment.
How Weight Gain Affects Health
Weight gain after breast cancer treatment carries several health implications, impacting both cancer outcomes and general well-being. Excess body weight, particularly after treatment, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence. This link is especially relevant for hormone-receptor-positive cancers, as fat tissue produces estrogen, which can fuel the growth of these cancers.
Obesity is a known risk factor for developing secondary cancers. Overweight and obesity account for a significant percentage of second cancers in breast cancer survivors.
Beyond cancer-specific risks, weight gain increases the likelihood of other serious health conditions. It raises the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death in breast cancer survivors after the cancer itself. Weight gain also contributes to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and joint problems, all of which can complicate recovery and diminish overall quality of life.
The psychological impact of weight gain can also affect quality of life. Body image concerns and reduced well-being are common experiences for survivors dealing with these changes. While the primary focus remains on cancer treatment, managing weight becomes an important aspect of long-term health and recovery.
Approaches to Managing Weight
Managing weight during and after breast cancer treatment involves a comprehensive approach that integrates healthy lifestyle practices. Dietary modifications are a cornerstone of this strategy, focusing on balanced eating, portion control, and a shift towards whole foods. Limiting processed foods and sugary drinks helps manage caloric intake and promotes better overall health.
Regular physical activity is also highly beneficial, and patients are encouraged to start gradually and increase intensity as their capabilities and energy levels allow. Incorporating both aerobic exercise and strength training can help burn calories, maintain muscle mass, and combat fatigue. Physical activity has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and physical functioning while reducing fatigue in survivors.
Adequate hydration, primarily through water intake, supports overall bodily functions and can aid in weight management. This simple practice contributes to a feeling of fullness and helps the body process nutrients effectively.
Seeking professional guidance is highly recommended for personalized advice. Oncologists, registered dietitians, and physical therapists can provide tailored plans that consider individual health status, treatment side effects, and specific needs. These professionals can help navigate challenges and develop sustainable strategies.
Mindfulness and stress management techniques can also support weight management by addressing emotional eating and stress-related weight fluctuations. Practices like mindful eating can help individuals become more aware of their hunger and fullness cues, reducing the likelihood of overeating. A holistic approach that combines these strategies offers the most effective path toward managing weight and improving overall health for breast cancer survivors.