Klebsiella is a common type of bacterium known for its protective outer capsule. This gram-negative bacterium is found in various environments and is a normal part of the human body’s microbial community. Multiple species exist, sharing characteristics that allow them to adapt to different settings. These bacteria can exist harmlessly in certain areas of the body, but they can also become a concern if they spread to other sites.
Natural Dwellings
Klebsiella is present in natural environments like soil, water, and on plants. Its presence in these locations reflects its adaptability and ability to thrive in diverse conditions.
Within humans and animals, Klebsiella species are routinely found as part of the normal flora. They primarily reside in the gastrointestinal tract and can also be found in the nose, mouth, and on the skin. In healthy individuals, Klebsiella typically exists without causing disease. The body’s immune system and other bacteria control Klebsiella as part of the normal microbiome, preventing inflammation or spread.
How It Spreads
Klebsiella primarily spreads through direct or indirect contact with contaminated individuals or objects. Person-to-person contact is a common transmission route, often occurring via contaminated hands. Healthcare workers, for example, can inadvertently spread the bacteria if proper hand hygiene is not consistently practiced.
The bacteria do not spread through the air, meaning they are not airborne. Instead, transmission often involves contact with contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. This includes items like ventilators, intravenous catheters, and urinary catheters, which can harbor the bacteria if not properly disinfected. The bacteria can also enter the body through wounds or surgical sites, or less commonly, through contaminated water or soil.
High-Risk Environments
While Klebsiella can cause infections in community settings, it is predominantly associated with healthcare environments. Hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities are locations where people are most likely to acquire Klebsiella infections. This is largely due to the presence of vulnerable patients with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions like diabetes, alcoholism, or kidney failure.
The frequent use of invasive medical devices, such as ventilators, intravenous lines, and catheters, also contributes to the heightened risk in these settings. These devices can provide pathways for Klebsiella to enter the body, leading to infections like pneumonia, bloodstream infections, or urinary tract infections. Additionally, the widespread use of antibiotics in healthcare can select for drug-resistant strains, making infections more challenging to treat and promoting the spread of these resilient bacteria.