Leopard sharks are a distinctive species. These slender-bodied sharks measure between 1.2 and 1.5 meters (approximately 4 to 5 feet) in length. They are easily identified by a pattern of black saddle-like markings and large black spots across their silvery to bronzy-gray backs. Their undersides are a plain whitish color.
Pacific Coast Distribution
Leopard sharks are found along the Pacific Coast of North America, inhabiting the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Their geographic range extends from the temperate continental waters of Coos Bay, Oregon, southward to Mazatlán, Mexico. They are one of the most common shark species found along the Californian coast.
Individual leopard sharks remain within localized areas, rather than undertaking long-distance movements. This limited dispersal has contributed to genetic differences among populations in various regions. For instance, seven distinct gene pools have been identified along the Californian coast, from Humboldt Bay to San Diego.
Preferred Coastal Environments
Within their coastal range, leopard sharks prefer specific environments. They are found over shallow, sandy or muddy flats within enclosed bays and estuaries. These sharks also frequent areas near kelp beds, rocky reefs, and along the open coast. They swim close to the bottom and are abundant in shallow waters, ranging from the intertidal zone to a depth of about 4 meters (13 feet).
Although they prefer shallow depths, leopard sharks can be found in waters as deep as 91 meters (299 feet). Notable locations where they aggregate include La Jolla Cove, San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and Elkhorn Slough in California.
Factors Shaping Their Range
Several environmental factors influence where leopard sharks are found. Water temperature is a primary driver, as these sharks prefer temperate waters and often aggregate in warmer, shallow bays and estuaries. Females, particularly, benefit from these warmer waters for physiological and reproductive processes. Some northern populations may move to deeper or more open waters in winter when temperatures drop below 10–12 °C (50–54 °F).
Food availability also plays a role in their distribution. Leopard sharks are opportunistic feeders, relying on the abundance of bottom-dwelling prey such as crustaceans, worms, clams, small fish, and fish eggs found in shallow, nutrient-rich environments. Protected bays and estuaries serve as important breeding grounds and nursery areas, providing both shelter and food for young sharks. Their physiology, including a higher concentration of red blood cells, allows them to absorb oxygen efficiently, which is advantageous in environments with lower oxygen levels, such as shallow estuaries.