The human ear contains specialized components that maintain its health and function. Among these are ceruminous glands, which play a significant role in the ear’s natural protective mechanisms.
The Ear’s Wax-Producing Glands
Ceruminous glands are specialized sweat glands located beneath the skin in the external auditory canal. They are found in the outer third of the ear canal, the cartilaginous portion. These glands are classified as modified apocrine glands, similar to those in the armpits. The human ear typically contains between 1,000 and 2,000 ceruminous glands.
They collaborate with sebaceous glands, also present in the ear canal. Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum. Secretions from both ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands combine with dead skin cells and hair to form cerumen, commonly known as earwax.
The Role of Earwax
Earwax, or cerumen, serves multiple protective functions within the ear canal. It acts as a natural barrier, trapping dust, dirt, foreign particles, and even insects, preventing them from reaching the eardrum. This sticky consistency helps to collect debris, which is then gradually moved out of the ear canal by jaw movements like chewing. This self-cleaning mechanism helps maintain ear hygiene.
Earwax also moisturizes and lubricates the skin of the ear canal, preventing dryness and itching. Furthermore, cerumen possesses antimicrobial properties, containing substances like lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, offering a defense against infections.
When Earwax Becomes a Problem
While earwax is beneficial, problems can arise if the ceruminous glands produce too much or if the earwax cannot exit the ear canal properly. This can lead to a buildup known as cerumen impaction. Symptoms of earwax buildup may include:
- A feeling of fullness in the ear
- Earache
- Partial hearing loss
- Ringing or buzzing sounds (tinnitus)
- Itching
- A cough
- Dizziness
If impacted earwax is suspected, it is advisable to seek professional help rather than attempting to remove it yourself. Using cotton swabs or other objects can push the wax deeper into the ear canal, potentially worsening the blockage or damaging the eardrum. Healthcare providers can safely remove earwax using various methods, such as ear drops to soften the wax, irrigation, or specialized instruments.