Alexandrite is a captivating gemstone, highly prized for its remarkable ability to change color depending on the light source. This unusual phenomenon has earned it the popular description of “emerald by day, ruby by night.” As a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, alexandrite stands out for its distinct optical properties and striking beauty. Its unique characteristics continue to fascinate gem enthusiasts and collectors globally.
The Initial Discovery
Alexandrite was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia, within emerald mines near the Tokovaya River. While some accounts suggest 1830, 1834 is often cited as its identification year. Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld is widely credited with its identification. Initially, the greenish crystals were mistaken for emeralds, which were abundant in the region. Nordenskiöld quickly recognized their distinct property of exhibiting a dramatic color change under different lighting conditions.
A Gem Fit for a Tsar
The gemstone was named “alexandrite” in honor of future Russian Tsar, Alexander II. This naming occurred around his coming of age, with some sources pinpointing April 17, 1834, his 16th birthday. Its unique color-changing property, shifting between green and red, held particular significance. These hues mirrored the colors of the Imperial Russian flag and military uniforms. This patriotic association cemented alexandrite’s status and contributed to its prestige within the Russian Imperial Court.
Alexandrite’s Enduring Appeal
Alexandrite continues to be highly valued for its unique optical phenomenon, known as the “alexandrite effect.” This causes the gem to appear green or bluish-green in daylight or fluorescent light, transforming to a distinct red or purplish-red under incandescent light. This color change is attributed to trace amounts of chromium ions within the crystal structure, which selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. The human eye’s sensitivity to green wavelengths also plays a role in how the color is perceived.
Its rarity contributes to its high value, making it one of the most sought-after gemstones by collectors. Original Russian mines were largely depleted by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, making high-quality Russian alexandrite exceptionally scarce.
Beyond its physical attributes, alexandrite is associated with symbolic meanings like balance, adaptability, good fortune, and prosperity. It is recognized as a birthstone for June.