The Journey of Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds embark on annual migrations, traveling thousands of miles between their breeding grounds and wintering habitats. Their primary motivation for these extensive journeys is the pursuit of abundant food sources, particularly nectar from flowering plants, which are scarce in northern regions during colder months. These tiny birds exhibit endurance, sometimes flying non-stop for extended periods across vast features like the Gulf of Mexico.
Their migratory paths involve movements from northern breeding areas in North America southward to warmer wintering grounds in Mexico, Central America, or even parts of South America. The timing of their migration is largely influenced by environmental cues, with decreasing daylight hours and changes in temperature serving as triggers. This innate biological programming, combined with the availability of suitable food and weather conditions, guides their journeys.
Anticipating Their Arrival and Departure
The arrival and departure times of hummingbirds vary across North America, influenced by regional climate and the progression of spring and autumn. In southern states, some hummingbird species, like the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, may overwinter, while others begin arriving as early as late February or early March. As spring advances, these birds gradually move northward, reaching the Mid-Atlantic states by late March to early April.
Further north, in the Northeast and Great Lakes, hummingbirds appear from late April through early May, coinciding with early-blooming flowers. On the western side of the continent, Anna’s Hummingbird is a year-round resident in some coastal California areas, while Rufous Hummingbirds migrate north, reaching the Pacific Northwest and southern Canada by late April or early May. These timelines are general guidelines; local weather patterns, such as an unseasonably warm spring or a late cold snap, can shift arrival dates by a week or more.
Departure from northern breeding grounds begins in late summer, by late August or early September, as daylight hours shorten and temperatures cool. Hummingbirds in Canada and the northern U.S. states are among the first to begin their southward journey. By October, most hummingbirds have left the northern and central parts of the continent, with only stragglers or late migrants observed in the southern states through November. The availability of late-season nectar sources and insect populations also plays a role in determining how long they linger before their southbound flight.
Preparing for Hummingbird Visitors
As the expected arrival period for hummingbirds approaches, preparing your outdoor space can increase your chances of attracting these birds. Setting up hummingbird feeders is a common and effective method, using a solution of one part table sugar to four parts water. It is important to avoid artificial sweeteners, honey, or red dyes, as these can be harmful to the birds.
Regular cleaning of feeders, at least every few days, prevents the growth of mold and bacteria, which can sicken hummingbirds. Complementing feeders with nectar-rich flowers provides a natural food source and creates a more inviting habitat. Excellent choices include:
- Bee balm
- Cardinal flower
- Fuchsia
- Petunias
These offer the high-energy nectar hummingbirds seek. Providing a shallow water source, like a mister or a bird bath with a gentle drip, can also entice hummingbirds, as they enjoy bathing.