A cavity, or tooth decay, is a damaged area on a tooth’s hard surface that forms a hole. This common condition begins when oral bacteria convert food sugars into acids. These acids erode the tooth’s protective enamel, initiating a progressive disease. The point of “too late” for a simple filling is a spectrum, where early intervention broadens treatment options.
Cavity Development and Early Treatment
Cavities begin with enamel demineralization, where acids from oral bacteria attack the enamel, causing mineral loss and sometimes appearing as small, white spots. At this initial stage, decay may be reversible through remineralization, often aided by fluoride. Fluoride strengthens enamel and helps repair early damage by attracting calcium and phosphate ions, making teeth more resistant to acid attacks. Professional fluoride treatments can further assist this process.
If demineralization continues, decay progresses into the dentin, the softer layer beneath. Once in the dentin, it advances more quickly due to its less dense structure. Sensitivity to sweet, hot, or cold foods may emerge, indicating deeper decay.
At this point, a dental filling is the standard treatment. The dentist removes decayed material and restores the tooth with a durable filling, preventing further damage. Catching cavities in the enamel or early dentin allows for simpler, less invasive treatments.
When Deeper Cavities Require Advanced Care
When a cavity reaches the dental pulp, the tooth’s innermost part containing nerves and blood vessels, the situation becomes more complex. This advanced decay, known as pulpitis, involves pulp inflammation or infection. A simple filling is no longer adequate because the infection has reached the tooth’s living tissue.
Symptoms of pulp involvement include persistent, throbbing tooth pain that might spread, and lingering sensitivity to hot or cold. Swelling, a bad taste, or a gum bump (abscess) can also signify a deep infection. Root canal therapy is the primary treatment to save the tooth. This procedure involves removing the infected pulp, thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting the root canals, then filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection.
If the tooth is too severely damaged by decay or the infection is extensive, tooth extraction becomes necessary. This involves complete tooth removal from its socket. While both root canal therapy and extraction address deep decay, they are more invasive, time-consuming, and costly than a routine filling.
Effects of Untreated Cavities
Ignoring a cavity allows the infection to spread, leading to serious consequences. If the pulp infection remains untreated, it can extend into the jawbone, forming a dental abscess—a pocket of pus. Abscesses do not resolve on their own and require professional dental intervention.
Infection from an untreated abscess can spread, potentially causing cellulitis or, in severe cases, sepsis. These systemic infections can lead to fever, facial swelling, swollen lymph nodes, and difficulty breathing or swallowing, requiring emergency medical attention. Chronic pain from an untreated cavity impacts quality of life, affecting sleep and concentration. Untreated cavities can also lead to difficulty eating, speech impairment, and tooth loss, requiring solutions like bridges or implants.
Preventing Cavity Progression
Preventing cavities is the most effective approach to maintaining oral health and avoiding advanced treatments. A consistent oral hygiene routine is foundational. This involves brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once daily to remove plaque and food debris. Fluoride toothpaste strengthens tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, recommended every six months, are crucial for early detection. Dentists can identify early demineralization or small cavities, allowing for timely, less invasive treatments. Limiting sugary foods and drinks reduces cavity risk. Professional fluoride applications and dental sealants offer additional protection by creating a barrier against bacteria and acids. Proactive dental care prevents cavities from reaching extensive stages.