Foxtails are common grass-like weeds characterized by distinctive, barbed seed heads that pose a particular hazard. Understanding their growth cycle and when these seed heads become a risk is important, especially for pet owners. These plants can lead to significant issues if their barbed seeds become embedded in skin or orifices.
Foxtail Life Cycle and Peak Season
Foxtails are summer annual grasses that reproduce exclusively by seed. They typically sprout in late spring to early summer, often when soil temperatures reach around 68°F (20°C). The plants grow throughout warmer months, producing seed heads from late spring through early fall until the first frost.
The “foxtail season” refers to the time when these seed heads dry out and become brittle. This hazardous phase generally extends from late spring through late summer, commonly observed from May to September. High temperatures and ample sunlight promote their growth. Drought conditions can cause plants to dry and harden more quickly, potentially extending the hazardous period.
Recognizing Foxtails and Their Habitats
Foxtails derive their name from their seed heads, which resemble a fox’s bushy tail. These seed heads are bristly, cylindrical, or spike-like in shape. Their color transitions from green when young to golden brown as they mature and dry. The plants usually grow to a height of 1 to 3 feet.
Foxtails are commonly found in disturbed environments. They frequently grow along roadsides, hiking trails, and in open fields. Vacant lots, unkempt yards, pastures, and agricultural areas are also common habitats. Their widespread presence means they can be encountered in many outdoor settings.
Understanding Foxtail Hazards
The danger of foxtails stems from their unique barbed structure, which enables them to move in only one direction. These sharp barbs, or awns, prevent seeds from dislodging once embedded. Foxtails can easily attach to fur and penetrate the skin, paws, ears, nose, and eyes of animals, particularly dogs. Once inside the body, seeds can migrate deeper, leading to various health issues.
Consequences of foxtail exposure include inflammation, infection, and abscesses. Pain and discomfort are common, and internal damage can occur if seeds travel to organs like the lungs. The seeds do not naturally break down within the body, requiring removal. Humans can also experience skin irritation or have foxtail awns enter their eyes or nasal passages.
Safeguarding During Foxtail Season
During foxtail season, avoiding areas known to harbor these grasses is a key protective measure. Sticking to paved paths and keeping pets on a leash in grassy locations minimizes exposure. After spending time outdoors, thoroughly inspect pets, paying close attention to their paws, between their toes, ears, nose, and entire coat. Regular grooming, including keeping fur trimmed, especially around the paws and ears, reduces foxtail attachment.
Protective gear, such as paw booties, offers a physical barrier for sensitive areas. Property owners can manage foxtails in their yards by regularly mowing lawns before plants produce mature seeds. Manual removal or appropriate herbicides before seed heads form also reduce their presence. If a foxtail is suspected, particularly if symptoms like excessive licking, sneezing, head shaking, or discharge are observed, prompt veterinary attention is important.