Hummingbirds, with their iridescent feathers and rapid wingbeats, are captivating. Many people anticipate their return each year, especially in Tennessee, where the Ruby-throated hummingbird is a familiar visitor. These tiny birds travel thousands of miles between their wintering grounds and breeding territories. Understanding their migratory patterns and what prompts their annual arrival can help residents appreciate and support these aerial acrobats.
Typical Arrival Windows
Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the primary species that breeds in Tennessee, typically begin their spring migration to the state in late March. While the earliest individuals appear then, many people observe their first hummingbirds around the second week of April. The main influx of these birds continues through mid-May, as they either settle in Tennessee for the breeding season or pass through on their way to more northern destinations, including parts of Canada.
Male hummingbirds arrive first, often a week or two ahead of the females, to establish breeding territories. Arrival timing varies yearly, influenced by weather and food availability. For instance, early sightings in warmer southern areas of Tennessee might precede arrivals in cooler northern or eastern regions.
Environmental Triggers for Return
Hummingbirds begin their migrations in response to specific environmental cues. Changes in daylight duration, also known as photoperiod, serve as a primary signal for these birds to begin their journey. As days lengthen in late winter and early spring, hormonal shifts occur within the hummingbirds, prompting their northward movement.
Rising temperatures also play a role, as warmer weather corresponds with the increased availability of food sources. Hummingbirds rely heavily on nectar from flowering plants and small insects for their energy needs. The emergence of these food sources along their migratory routes and in their breeding grounds is necessary for their survival. While instinct guides their journey, favorable conditions, including tailwinds and abundant food, help them conserve energy during their flights.
Preparing for Their Arrival
Residents can prepare for the return of hummingbirds by creating a welcoming environment. Setting up hummingbird feeders is a popular way to offer a supplemental food source, especially for early arrivals who may find natural nectar scarce. A simple sugar-water solution, made by mixing one part white cane sugar with four parts water, mimics natural nectar and provides energy. Use only white granulated sugar and avoid honey, artificial sweeteners, or red dyes, as these can be harmful to the birds.
Feeder hygiene is important. Clean feeders regularly to prevent mold and bacterial growth, ideally every other day in warm weather or at least twice a week in cooler temperatures. Discard any unused nectar before refilling. Planting native nectar-rich flowers further enhances a yard’s appeal, providing a natural and diverse diet for hummingbirds. Excellent native flower choices that thrive in Tennessee and attract hummingbirds include:
- Trumpet creeper
- Bee balm
- Cardinal flower
- Coral honeysuckle
- Native azaleas
Providing perches and a shallow water source, like a birdbath with rocks, can make a garden more appealing.