Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the most commonly observed species in Pennsylvania, undertake an impressive migratory journey each year. Their spring arrival signals warmer months ahead.
The Annual Return to Pennsylvania
Ruby-throated hummingbirds typically arrive in Pennsylvania from late April to early May. For central and southern regions of the state, sightings can begin in late April, while northern areas may see them slightly later. Male hummingbirds often precede females by about a week or two, establishing territories before the females arrive.
Their arrival often aligns with the blooming of early spring flowers, such as wild columbine, which provides nectar sources. Warming temperatures also play a role in their timing, creating suitable conditions for their return. While these are general windows, individual arrival times can vary annually, influenced by specific weather patterns.
Factors Guiding Their Migration
The migration of hummingbirds is guided by environmental and biological cues. The primary trigger for their journey is the changing photoperiod, or the increasing length of daylight hours. As days grow longer in late winter and early spring, hormonal shifts occur within the birds, prompting their northward movement.
Rising temperatures along their migratory routes also influence their progress, ensuring a more hospitable environment. The availability of food sources, including early blooming flowers and insects, is another factor. Hummingbirds possess an instinctual drive that compels them to undertake these migrations each year.
Preparing for Their Arrival
To welcome and support returning hummingbirds, several steps can be taken. Setting up hummingbird feeders is a common practice, with a recommended solution ratio of one part plain white granulated sugar to four parts water. It is important to avoid red dye in the solution, as the red color of the feeder itself is sufficient to attract them. Feeders should be cleaned regularly, ideally every other day, to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria that can harm the birds.
Planting native, nectar-rich flowers that bloom early in spring provides a natural and continuous food source. Examples of such plants favored by ruby-throated hummingbirds include:
Wild columbine
Cardinal flower
Trumpet honeysuckle
Bee balm
Maintaining a pesticide-free environment is also important, as hummingbirds consume small insects as a protein source in addition to nectar. Providing fresh water sources, such as a shallow bird bath or mister, can further support these birds.