Hummingbirds are known for their rapid wingbeats and vibrant plumage. Their seasonal presence in New Jersey, particularly their departure, sparks interest. Understanding their annual cycle provides insight into their migratory behaviors.
Typical Departure Timeline in New Jersey
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, the most common species in New Jersey, begin their southward migration in late July and continue through September. Males often depart first in September, with females and younger birds following a week or two later. Most will have exited the state by mid-September, though some may linger into early October, particularly those migrating from more northern areas. Leaving nectar feeders out does not prevent migration, as their departure is driven by instinct.
Factors Influencing Migration
Environmental and biological cues prompt hummingbirds to begin their migratory journey. A primary trigger is decreasing daylight hours (photoperiod) as summer transitions to fall. This reduction in light signals it is time to depart.
Simultaneously, the availability of nectar sources from flowering plants and their insect prey begins to diminish as temperatures cool. This decline in food resources encourages their move to warmer climates.
Hummingbirds also possess an innate instinct for their southward journey. In preparation, they consume large amounts of nectar and insects, gaining significant body weight. They typically increase body mass by 25 to 40 percent to build fat reserves for their trip to wintering grounds in Central America or Mexico. They fly alone, often utilizing favorable tailwinds to conserve energy.
Preparing for Their Return
Anticipating hummingbirds’ spring return involves several preparatory steps to ensure a welcoming environment. Clean and set out nectar feeders approximately two weeks before their expected arrival, typically mid-April in New Jersey. A simple solution of one part sugar to four parts water, boiled and cooled, provides a suitable energy source. Beyond feeders, planting nectar-rich flowers, especially native species that bloom from spring through fall, offers natural food sources.
Providing fresh water, such as a bird bath or mister, can also attract hummingbirds. Avoid using pesticides in gardens, as hummingbirds supplement their nectar diet with insects and spiders for protein. Creating a diverse, chemical-free habitat ensures they have the resources they need upon their return to New Jersey. If any hummingbirds linger into late fall, continuing to provide feeders can offer support.