Hummingbirds, with their iridescent plumage and rapid wingbeats, are a source of fascination. These tiny birds undertake remarkable migratory journeys, traveling thousands of miles between wintering grounds and breeding territories. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the primary species observed in New Jersey, known for its distinctive red throat in males and its incredible endurance. Their return signals the arrival of warmer weather and the abundance of blooming flowers.
Arrival Schedule in New Jersey
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds typically begin arriving in New Jersey in mid to late April, with sightings continuing into early May. Southern parts of the state often experience their arrival slightly earlier than northern regions. Males are usually the first to reach their breeding grounds earlier, to establish territories before the females arrive. This staggered arrival allows males to claim optimal feeding areas and potential nesting sites.
Specific arrival dates can vary slightly year to year due to environmental conditions, though they generally arrive within a week of their typical schedule. Some hummingbirds may only pass through New Jersey on their way to more northern breeding grounds, while others will remain to nest and raise their young throughout the summer. Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds depart New Jersey for their southern wintering grounds starting in late July through early September, with some remaining until mid-October.
Factors Influencing Their Return
Hummingbird migration is primarily influenced by environmental cues. Increasing daylight hours, known as photoperiod, triggers their northward journey. As days lengthen, it prompts physiological changes in the birds, preparing them for the arduous migration. Rising temperatures also play a role, indicating the availability of nectar-producing flowers and insects, which are their main food sources.
Before embarking on their long flights, hummingbirds consume nectar and insects to build up energy reserves, often increasing their body weight by 25% to 40%. This fat storage provides fuel for their journey, including non-stop flights across large bodies of water like the Gulf of Mexico, covering up to 500 miles. Their innate migratory instincts also guide them along established routes, as they navigate using a combination of environmental factors.
Welcoming Hummingbirds to Your Yard
Setting up nectar feeders is an effective way to attract and support returning hummingbirds. Feeders should be placed in early April to ensure food is available for early migrants. A simple sugar solution can be prepared by mixing one part granulated white sugar with four parts water, boiling until the sugar dissolves, then cooling completely before use. Red food coloring is unnecessary and potentially harmful, as the feeders’ red parts are sufficient to attract the birds.
Feeder hygiene is important to prevent the growth of mold and fermentation, as it can harm hummingbirds. Feeders should be cleaned thoroughly at least once a week, and more frequently every two to three days during warmer weather. Clean all parts with hot soapy water and a bottle brush, followed by a thorough rinse. In addition to feeders, planting native flowers provides natural and sustainable food sources. Examples suitable for New Jersey include Cardinal Flower, Coral Honeysuckle, Bee Balm, and Eastern Red Columbine, offering the tubular, brightly colored blooms hummingbirds prefer.