Hummingbirds, with their rapid wing beats and shimmering colors, are known for impressive annual migrations between wintering grounds and breeding territories. Each spring, Missouri residents eagerly anticipate the return of these aerial acrobats to their gardens and natural spaces, signaling a welcome change in seasons and bringing vibrant activity to the landscape.
Annual Migration to Missouri
Hummingbirds typically begin their return to Missouri in early to mid-April, with earliest arrivals in the southern parts of the state during the first week of April. Migration peaks around early May as more individuals arrive to establish territories. This northward movement is triggered by environmental cues, particularly the increasing length of daylight hours, which prompts hormonal changes. They journey from wintering grounds primarily in southern Mexico and Central America, often making a non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico. Male hummingbirds generally precede the females by a week or two, arriving first to claim favorable breeding areas.
Preparing for Their Arrival
Setting up hummingbird feeders is a helpful step. Place feeders outdoors starting in early April, ready for the first arriving birds who may be tired and seeking immediate food sources. A simple and safe nectar solution can be prepared by mixing one part plain white granulated sugar with four parts water until the sugar is fully dissolved. It is not necessary to boil the water, nor should red dye, honey, or artificial sweeteners be added, as these can be harmful. Clean feeders thoroughly at least once a week, or more frequently if the nectar appears cloudy, to prevent bacteria or mold.
Beyond feeders, planting native, nectar-rich flowers provides a natural food source. Species with red or orange tubular flowers are particularly appealing. Examples for Missouri gardens include trumpet creeper, native honeysuckles like coral honeysuckle, cardinal flower, bee balm, and columbine. Establishing a diverse garden with annuals, perennials, shrubs, and trees ensures a continuous nectar supply. Avoiding pesticides also helps preserve the small insects hummingbirds consume for protein, especially when feeding young.
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird’s Stay
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the most commonly observed species in Missouri. After spring arrival, females construct tiny, cup-shaped nests using spider webbing and plant materials. They typically lay two eggs and are solely responsible for incubating and raising their young. Throughout summer, these hummingbirds forage for nectar and small insects, important for their high metabolism and feeding chicks.
As summer transitions into fall, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds begin southward migration from Missouri. Departure typically starts in mid-August, with most birds having left by early to mid-September. By mid-October, nearly all have completed their journey to warmer climates. Leaving feeders available for a couple of weeks after the last sighting can provide energy for late migrating individuals passing through.