Alabama is home to a diverse array of wild animals, supported by its varied ecosystems, which range from coastal plains to mountainous regions and extensive waterways. This unique geography fosters a rich biodiversity. The presence of these diverse habitats, including forests, wetlands, and rivers, allows a wide range of wildlife to thrive. Alabama’s position in the southeastern United States further contributes to its ecological richness, providing suitable conditions for both resident and migratory species.
Mammals of the Alabama Landscape
White-tailed deer are widespread throughout Alabama, commonly inhabiting forested areas, agricultural fields, and even suburban environments. These herbivores primarily feed on vegetation such as leaves, twigs, and acorns, and are frequently observed during dawn and dusk. Rabbit species, including the Eastern cottontail, are common across the state, preferring open fields, brushy areas, and forest edges where they forage on grasses and other plants. Squirrels, such as the Eastern gray squirrel and fox squirrel, are abundant in Alabama’s woodlands and urban parks, known for their arboreal habits and consumption of nuts and seeds.
Opossums, the only marsupials native to North America, are highly adaptable and found in nearly every habitat type in Alabama, from forests to urban settings. They are nocturnal omnivores, consuming fruits, insects, and carrion. Raccoons are another common and adaptable mammal, inhabiting bottomland hardwoods, swamps, pine forests, and even urban areas where food and water are readily available. These nocturnal animals are omnivorous, with diets consisting of plant material, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrates.
Both red and gray foxes are present in Alabama; gray foxes are generally more widespread, preferring wooded and brushy habitats, while red foxes tend to favor more open, agricultural landscapes. Coyotes have also established a significant presence across Alabama, thriving in diverse environments from rural areas to the outskirts of cities. Bobcats are found statewide, inhabiting heavily wooded uplands, swamps, and brushy areas, typically preying on rabbits and other small mammals. While black bears have a more limited distribution, they are primarily found in the southwestern and northeastern parts of the state, preferring large, contiguous forests.
Reptiles and Amphibians: Cold-Blooded Residents
Alabama’s warm, humid climate supports a rich diversity of reptiles and amphibians, with over 90 indigenous reptile species. Snakes are abundant, with over 40 species inhabiting the state. Six venomous snake species are native to Alabama: the copperhead, cottonmouth, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, timber rattlesnake, pygmy rattlesnake, and Eastern coral snake. Copperheads are the most commonly encountered venomous snake, found statewide, while cottonmouths are frequently seen near water bodies. Non-venomous snakes are more common and include species like the gray rat snake, garter snake, Eastern kingsnake, and corn snake, which play a role in controlling rodent populations.
Lizards are also present, with 16 species found across Alabama. Common examples include the Eastern fence lizard, green anole, and skinks such as the five-lined skink and broad-headed skink. These lizards inhabit forests, gardens, and open areas, primarily feeding on insects. Turtles are diverse, with over 30 species, including terrestrial box turtles and aquatic species like the common snapping turtle, red-eared slider, and Alabama map turtle. Many turtle species prefer wetlands, rivers, and ponds.
American alligators are widespread across Alabama, thriving in wetland habitats such as coastal marshes, swamps, lakes, and rivers. They are prevalent in the southern half of the state, though populations exist further north, such as in the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge. Alligators play an important role as apex predators in maintaining wetland ecosystems. Amphibians like frogs and salamanders are common. Tree frogs and bullfrogs are frequently found near water bodies, while salamanders inhabit moist, forested environments and aquatic habitats.
Birds of Alabama’s Skies and Waters
Alabama’s varied landscapes and position along migratory routes make it a significant area for avian life, hosting over 450 bird species throughout the year. Common backyard birds include the Northern cardinal, Northern mockingbird, blue jay, American robin, and Carolina chickadee, frequently visiting feeders and inhabiting suburban areas. Many of these species are year-round residents.
Waterfowl such as ducks and geese are abundant in Alabama’s lakes, rivers, and coastal wetlands, particularly during cooler months as migratory populations arrive. Wading birds, including great blue herons and egrets, are commonly observed in shallow waters, hunting for fish and amphibians. These birds are integral to the aquatic ecosystems across the state.
Birds of prey, often called raptors, are also prominent. Year-round residents include red-tailed hawks, red-shouldered hawks, and owls such as the great horned owl and barred owl. During migration, raptors like the sharp-shinned hawk and Northern harrier pass through or winter in Alabama. Falcons, including the American kestrel and peregrine falcon, are also present.