Post-nasal drip occurs when excess mucus drains from the back of the nose or sinuses down the throat. The dripping mucus irritates the sensitive lining of the throat, leading to a persistent cough. While mucus is naturally produced by the body to moisten airways and trap foreign particles, an increase in its quantity or thickness can make it more noticeable and trigger a cough. Conditions such as allergies, viral infections like the common cold, and sinus infections are frequent causes of increased mucus production that results in post-nasal drip.
Over-the-Counter Relief
Several over-the-counter (OTC) medications can help alleviate a cough caused by post-nasal drip.
Antihistamines
Antihistamines work by blocking histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions, which can reduce swelling and congestion in the nasal passages. First-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness and may thicken mucus. Newer, second-generation options like loratadine or cetirizine are less likely to induce sleepiness.
Decongestants
Decongestants help by shrinking swollen blood vessels and tissues in the nasal and sinus passages. This reduces congestion and lessens the amount of mucus dripping down the throat. Oral decongestants like pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are available, but they can cause side effects such as nervousness, sleeplessness, increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure. Nasal spray decongestants, such as oxymetazoline, offer quick relief but should not be used for more than a few days to avoid rebound congestion, which can worsen symptoms.
Expectorants
Expectorants, such as guaifenesin, function by thinning mucus secretions in the airways, making it easier to clear from the throat and lungs. While guaifenesin primarily addresses chest congestion, it also helps improve cough associated with bothersome mucus. This thinning action reduces the irritation that triggers a cough from post-nasal drip.
Corticosteroid Nasal Sprays
Corticosteroid nasal sprays like fluticasone or triamcinolone can decrease inflammation and drainage in the nasal passages, providing relief from post-nasal drip symptoms. These sprays are often recommended for post-nasal drip caused by allergies or infections and work best with regular use.
Home Remedies and Lifestyle Adjustments
Several home remedies and lifestyle adjustments can provide relief from post-nasal drip cough.
Hydration
Drinking plenty of fluids, especially warm liquids like water, tea, or broth, helps thin mucus secretions. Thinner mucus drains more easily and is less irritating to the throat, which can reduce coughing.
Saline Nasal Rinses
Saline nasal sprays or rinses clear excess mucus and irritants from the nasal passages. A neti pot or a saline squeeze bottle can moisturize the nasal lining and flush out allergens and thickened mucus. When performing nasal irrigation, it is important to use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled and cooled water to prevent potential infections.
Humidifiers
A humidifier can be helpful, particularly in dry environments, by introducing moisture into the air. Humidifiers add water vapor to the air, which moistens dry nasal passages and thins mucus, making it less likely to cause irritation and cough. Placing a humidifier in the bedroom can be useful for nighttime relief.
Elevating the Head
Elevating the head during sleep can prevent mucus from pooling in the back of the throat. Using extra pillows or a wedge pillow can promote better drainage and reduce nighttime coughing associated with post-nasal drip.
Avoiding Irritants
Avoiding environmental irritants such as cigarette smoke, strong odors, and common allergens like dust or pet dander can also significantly reduce post-nasal drip symptoms. These irritants can inflame nasal passages and worsen mucus production.
Lozenges and Honey
Lozenges or honey can soothe an irritated throat, providing temporary relief from the cough. Honey can coat the throat, easing irritation, and has natural antibacterial properties. It can be taken by the spoonful or mixed into warm tea.
When Professional Medical Advice is Needed
While many cases of post-nasal drip and its associated cough can be managed with home remedies and over-the-counter medications, professional medical advice is necessary in specific situations. If a cough persists for more than 10 days to three weeks, or if home treatments and OTC options are not providing relief, consult a healthcare provider.
Seek medical evaluation for accompanying symptoms such as:
High or persistent fever
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Discolored mucus (thick green, yellow, blood, or pink-tinged)
Wheezing
Severe sore throat
Nausea caused by excessive mucus
A healthcare professional can diagnose the underlying cause of the post-nasal drip, which might include allergies, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or bacterial infections. Identifying the cause allows for targeted and effective treatment, which may involve prescription medications.