Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a common symptom indicating the body is attempting to rid itself of irritants or responding to various underlying causes. While often temporary, managing its effects, especially preventing fluid loss, is important.
Replenishing Fluids
When vomiting occurs, the body loses significant amounts of fluid and electrolytes, which can lead to dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS), such as Pedialyte, are considered the most effective choice because they contain a balanced mix of sugars and salts designed to replenish essential electrolytes.
For adults and older children, clear liquids like water, diluted fruit juices, and clear broths can also be beneficial. While sports drinks contain electrolytes, they often have high sugar content, so diluting them with water is advisable to prevent worsening symptoms. For infants and young children, continuing breast milk or formula is recommended, and oral rehydration solutions are preferred over plain water to avoid electrolyte imbalances.
Fluids should be administered in very small, frequent sips, such as a teaspoon every few minutes, to prevent overwhelming the stomach and triggering further vomiting. Gradually increasing the amount as tolerated is key. Continue offering fluids even if some are vomited, as consistent rehydration helps prevent complications. Beverages to avoid initially include carbonated drinks, highly acidic juices, and very sugary options, as these can irritate the stomach. Milk and yogurt drinks should be avoided until vomiting has ceased for several hours, typically eight hours.
Reintroducing Solid Foods
Once fluids are tolerated and vomiting has subsided for a few hours, typically six hours after the last episode, solid foods can be gradually reintroduced. Focus on bland, easy-to-digest options gentle on a recovering digestive system.
A traditional recommendation is the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast). These foods are low in fiber, bland, and can help bind stools, which is beneficial if diarrhea accompanies vomiting. Other suitable foods include plain crackers, boiled potatoes, clear broths with noodles, and lean proteins like boiled or baked chicken or turkey. Plain yogurt might be tolerated, but other dairy products should generally be avoided at first.
Avoid fatty, greasy, spicy, highly seasoned, or acidic foods, as these can irritate the stomach and potentially trigger further vomiting. Caffeine and alcohol should be avoided during this recovery phase. Begin with small portions and slowly increase the amount as tolerated, without forcing consumption.
Over-the-Counter Remedies
For mild nausea and vomiting, certain over-the-counter (OTC) remedies may offer relief. Antiemetics like dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and meclizine are commonly used to alleviate symptoms, particularly motion sickness. Bismuth subsalicylate (e.g., Pepto-Bismol) can help with nausea and vomiting caused by stomach flu or food poisoning.
Carefully read product labels for age restrictions and dosage instructions before use. Bismuth subsalicylate is not recommended for children under 12 or those recovering from chickenpox or flu, due to a rare risk of Reye’s Syndrome. Consult a healthcare professional before administering any medication, especially to young children. These medications offer symptom relief, not a cure for the underlying cause of vomiting.
Some natural options are recognized for their potential to ease nausea. Ginger, available as ginger ale, tea, or chews, has traditional and research support for its anti-nausea effects. It is believed to work by affecting neurotransmitters and speeding stomach emptying. Peppermint tea is another traditional remedy some find soothing for an upset stomach.
When to Seek Medical Care
While vomiting often resolves on its own, certain signs warrant medical attention. Signs of severe dehydration include decreased urination (fewer than six wet diapers per day for infants), dry mouth and lips, lethargy, sunken eyes, and a lack of tears. Other dehydration indicators include a rapid pulse, cool or blotchy hands and feet, wrinkled skin, or dizziness upon standing.
Seek medical care if vomiting persists for more than 24-48 hours in adults, or more than a few hours in infants and young children (e.g., 12 hours for infants, 24 hours for children under two). An inability to keep fluids down is also a serious concern. Accompanying symptoms requiring immediate evaluation include a high fever (over 101°F or 38.3°C), severe abdominal pain, a stiff neck, or a severe headache, especially if new. Confusion, difficulty breathing, or chest pain are also warning signs.
Vomit appearance can also indicate a need for medical intervention. This includes vomit containing blood (red or “coffee grounds”), or vomit that is green (indicating bile) or contains fecal matter. Specific populations, such as infants under three months, individuals with chronic conditions like diabetes or kidney disease, or anyone vomiting after a head injury or trauma, should also seek medical advice. If there is any concern or symptoms worsen, consult a healthcare provider.