Falls among older individuals often lead to head injuries with significant health implications. Elderly individuals are susceptible to head impacts due to age-related physiological changes. As the brain ages, it can shrink, creating more space between the brain and the skull. This increased space, combined with the thinning and fragility of bridging veins, makes these blood vessels more prone to tearing even from minor trauma. Such changes can lead to more severe outcomes following a fall.
Immediate Steps After a Fall
After an elderly person falls and hits their head, respond promptly and calmly by first assessing the situation without moving the individual, especially if a neck or spinal injury is suspected. Check for responsiveness, breathing, and visible injuries like bleeding or swelling. If the person is unconscious, experiences severe bleeding, appears confused, or cannot move a limb, contact emergency services immediately. If bleeding is present, apply firm, gentle pressure with a clean cloth, but avoid direct pressure if a skull fracture is suspected. Even if the person appears to recover quickly, seek medical attention, as head injury symptoms can be delayed.
Identifying Signs of Head Injury
Recognizing head injury signs in older adults can be complex, as symptoms may manifest immediately or develop hours to days later. Immediate indicators include loss of consciousness, severe headache, vomiting, slurred speech, or disorientation. Other signs appearing soon after the incident include blurred vision, memory problems, or seizures. More subtle or delayed symptoms can involve changes in sleep patterns, increased irritability, difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light or sound, persistent dizziness, or balance issues. Some head injury symptoms can overlap with existing age-related conditions, making medical consultation important.
Medical Evaluation and Treatment
Following a head injury, medical evaluation involves a thorough neurological examination to assess brain function. Healthcare professionals may order imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, to check for internal bleeding, swelling, or skull fractures. Common head injuries in older adults include concussions (mild traumatic brain injuries) and subdural hematomas. Subdural hematomas, a collection of blood between the brain and its outer covering, can develop slowly in older individuals. Treatment approaches vary by injury severity, ranging from careful observation and medication (e.g., anti-seizure drugs) to surgical intervention to alleviate pressure or remove blood clots.
Managing Recovery and Ongoing Care
After initial medical assessment, continued home monitoring is important for detecting any new or worsening symptoms, and recovery involves rest and avoiding strenuous physical or mental activities. Managing pain and ensuring a safe, calm environment supports the healing process. Caregivers observe for subtle changes in behavior or cognitive function, assist with medication management, and provide social support. Follow-up medical appointments track recovery progress and address lingering effects. Depending on injury extent, rehabilitation therapies may be recommended to regain lost skills and improve daily functioning.
Strategies for Preventing Future Falls
Preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of future falls.
Environmental modifications within the home include:
Removing tripping hazards like loose rugs, clutter, and electrical cords.
Ensuring adequate lighting, especially in hallways and stairwells.
Installing grab bars in bathrooms and handrails on both sides of staircases.
Lifestyle adjustments also contribute to fall prevention:
Engaging in regular exercises that improve balance, strength, and coordination (e.g., walking, Tai Chi, single-leg stands).
Reviewing all medications with a doctor to adjust any that may cause dizziness or imbalance.
Wearing appropriate footwear with low heels, firm slip-resistant soles, and a snug fit, while avoiding walking barefoot or in socks indoors.