Pepper spray, also known as oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, is a non-lethal chemical irritant derived from chili peppers, containing the active compound capsaicin. It is widely used for self-defense and by law enforcement to temporarily incapacitate individuals. Exposure to pepper spray causes immediate pain and inflammation upon contact with mucous membranes. This article outlines steps to manage exposure and facilitate recovery.
Immediate Actions After Exposure
Immediately after being sprayed, moving away from the contaminated area into fresh air is the first step. Remaining in a confined space can prolong exposure and worsen symptoms. Stay calm, as panic can intensify respiratory symptoms.
Resist the urge to rub your eyes or any affected skin. Rubbing can spread the oil-based capsaicin, increasing irritation and potentially spreading the irritant to other areas of the body. Instead, blink rapidly to encourage natural tearing, which helps to flush the chemical from your eyes.
If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them as soon as possible and discard them, as they can trap the irritant. Eyeglasses should also be removed and washed thoroughly with soap and water. Carefully remove any contaminated clothing, ideally by cutting it off rather than pulling it over your head to avoid further spreading the irritant to your face.
Effective Decontamination Steps
Decontaminating affected areas promptly is important to reduce the duration and intensity of pepper spray effects. Begin by flushing your eyes with plenty of cool water or a saline solution for at least 10 to 15 minutes. This can be done using a sink, shower, or even a bottle of water, aiming to irrigate from the inner corner of the eye outwards. Cool water helps to soothe the burning sensation.
For skin decontamination, wash affected areas with a mild, non-oil-based soap, such as baby shampoo, and cool water. The soap helps to break down the oily capsaicin residue, allowing it to be washed away. Avoid using hot water, as it can open pores and increase the absorption of the irritant, potentially worsening the burning sensation. Do not apply lotions, creams, or oil-based products, as these can trap the capsaicin against the skin and prolong discomfort.
Contaminated clothing should be handled with care to prevent re-exposure. Wear plastic or rubber gloves when handling these items. Wash washable clothing separately in cold water with laundry detergent. For non-washable items, allow them to air dry for several days in a well-ventilated area, as this can help the oils decompose before further cleaning.
Understanding Symptoms and When to Seek Medical Care
Exposure to pepper spray results in a range of intense, but temporary, symptoms. Common reactions include immediate eye closure, severe burning pain in the eyes, excessive tearing, and temporary blurred vision or blindness. Respiratory effects often involve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a burning sensation in the throat and chest. Skin contact can lead to redness, swelling, and a painful burning sensation.
The most severe effects of pepper spray peak within 5 to 15 minutes and subside within 20 to 60 minutes after exposure. However, some symptoms, such as eye irritation and skin redness, can persist for up to 24 hours. Complete recovery, including resolution of any lingering discomfort, may take 1 to 2 days.
While most people recover without lasting issues, seeking medical attention is important if symptoms are severe or persist longer than expected. Seek medical care if pain does not significantly improve within 45 minutes to an hour following decontamination. Immediate medical evaluation is also advised if you experience worsening breathing difficulties, such as severe wheezing or chest pain, especially if you have pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. Other indicators for medical consultation include cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin), persistent eye pain, or any concern about severe eye damage like corneal abrasions.