A head injury from a fall can range from a minor bump to a more serious traumatic brain injury (TBI). A TBI occurs when an external force disrupts the normal function of the brain, leading to bruising, tearing of nerve fibers, or bleeding as the brain impacts the skull. This guide offers general information and should not replace professional medical advice.
First Actions After Hitting Your Head
After a fall and head impact, assess the situation calmly. For a conscious person, encourage them to remain still with their head and shoulders slightly elevated. If there is bleeding from a scalp wound, apply firm pressure with a clean cloth or sterile gauze, unless a skull fracture is suspected, direct pressure should be avoided. If blood soaks through it, place another one on top without removing the first.
If the person is unconscious or a neck or spinal injury is suspected, do not move them unless in immediate danger. Stabilize their head and neck by placing your hands on both sides to keep the head in line with the spine until emergency medical help arrives. Check their airway, breathing, and circulation, and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary. For severe head or facial bleeding, call emergency services immediately.
Signs of a Head Injury to Monitor
Head injuries can manifest with various signs and symptoms, some appearing immediately and others developing hours, days, or even weeks later. These symptoms arise from the brain’s disruption, potentially causing bruising, swelling, or internal bleeding. The severity and location of the impact influence the type and extent of symptoms experienced.
Physical symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, or lightheadedness. Individuals might experience blurred vision, ringing in the ears, sensitivity to light or sound, or balance problems. Cognitive changes often involve confusion, memory issues, difficulty concentrating, or feeling “slowed down.” Emotional symptoms include irritability, mood swings, anxiety, or sadness. Sleep patterns may also be affected, leading to changes in sleep patterns.
Urgent Care Indicators
Certain symptoms following a head injury signal a need for immediate medical attention. These “red flag” indicators suggest a potentially severe injury requiring prompt assessment. Loss of consciousness, even for a brief period, is a concern. A severe or worsening headache that does not go away, or repeated vomiting, also warrant urgent medical evaluation.
Other serious signs include seizures, slurred speech, or weakness or numbness in the limbs. Noticeable changes in pupils, such as one being larger than the other, or clear fluid or blood draining from the ears or nose, also indicate a potentially severe head injury. If someone cannot be awakened, experiences increasing confusion, or displays unusual behavior, seek emergency care without delay.
Managing Recovery at Home
For mild head injuries, recovery involves a period of physical and cognitive rest to allow the brain to heal. During the initial days, limiting activities that demand significant concentration or physical exertion is generally recommended. This includes reducing screen time, avoiding strenuous activities, and refraining from alcohol. The goal is to minimize symptom aggravation and support recovery.
A gradual return to normal activities should occur as symptoms improve. This means slowly reintroducing light physical activity and mental tasks, monitoring closely for any worsening of symptoms. Recovery timelines vary; mild TBIs typically improve over a few days to a few weeks, while more moderate cases may take several months. If symptoms persist, worsen, or new ones develop, seeking follow-up medical care is important.