An asthma attack occurs when the airways in the lungs swell, narrow, and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. This condition can range from mild to severe, and in some instances, it can become life-threatening. While a rescue inhaler is the primary and most effective treatment for an asthma attack, there are important immediate steps to take if an inhaler is not available. Understanding these actions can help manage the situation until medical help arrives or symptoms subside.
Understanding the Symptoms
Recognizing the signs of an asthma attack is important for a timely response. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and wheezing—a whistling or squeaky sound, especially when breathing out. Other signs are chest tightness, pain, or pressure, and a persistent cough, particularly one worse at night or in the early morning.
Actions to Take Immediately
If an asthma attack occurs and a rescue inhaler is not accessible, first try to remain calm, as panic can worsen breathing difficulties. Sit upright in a comfortable position, as lying down or bending over can restrict breathing. This posture helps optimize lung expansion.
Loosen any tight clothing around the chest and neck. Move away from potential triggers like dust, smoke, strong odors, or allergens. If triggered by exercise or cold air, move to a warmer, calmer environment.
Focus on controlled breathing. Pursed-lip breathing involves inhaling slowly through the nose for about two seconds, then puckering the lips as if to whistle, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips for four or more seconds. This technique helps keep airways open longer by creating back pressure, allowing more air to be expelled and reducing breathlessness. It also promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety.
Seeking Emergency Assistance
Certain signs indicate a severe asthma attack requiring immediate emergency medical attention. Call emergency services if symptoms do not improve after self-management, or if they worsen. Warning signs include severe shortness of breath that makes it difficult to talk or walk, or the inability to speak more than a few words.
Bluish, whitish, or grayish fingernails, lips, or gums indicate a lack of oxygen and are a serious emergency sign. Other signs include a pale, sweaty face, severe wheezing, chest pain or pressure, or feeling lightheaded or dizzy. If an individual becomes confused, less responsive, or loses consciousness, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Preparing for Future Incidents
Preparing for future asthma incidents is a proactive measure to manage the condition effectively. Always carry a prescribed rescue inhaler, as it is the most effective immediate treatment for an asthma attack. Work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized asthma action plan.
An asthma action plan is a written guide outlining daily management, identifying personal triggers, and providing clear instructions for worsening symptoms or an attack. Regularly communicate with a doctor for ongoing assessment of asthma control and adjustments to medication or the action plan. Identifying and avoiding personal triggers like allergens, smoke, or cold air can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of future attacks.