A second-degree burn, also known as a partial-thickness burn, affects the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, and the layer directly beneath it, known as the dermis. These injuries commonly result from contact with hot liquids, flames, or hot objects. While proper home care is important, not all second-degree burns are suitable for at-home treatment.
Identifying a Second-Degree Burn
Second-degree burns have distinct characteristics: redness, swelling, pain, and blisters (intact or broken). The affected skin may also appear shiny, moist, or have patchy pink and white coloring.
Differentiating burn types is important. First-degree burns (e.g., mild sunburn) affect only the outermost skin layer, causing redness and pain but no blisters. Third-degree burns damage all skin layers and may extend into underlying tissues, appearing white, charred, or leathery, often with loss of sensation due to nerve damage. If uncertain about burn depth or severity, seek medical advice.
Immediate First Aid for Second-Degree Burns
Immediate first aid focuses on stopping the burning process. Immerse the affected area in cool, running water for 10 to 15 minutes to lower skin temperature, prevent worsening, and alleviate pain. Use cool water, not cold water or ice, to avoid further tissue damage or hypothermia.
Gently remove jewelry or clothing near the burn, unless stuck, before swelling begins. After cooling, gently clean the burn with mild soap and water to remove contaminants and prepare for dressing.
Do not intentionally pop blisters; they provide a natural barrier against infection. If a blister breaks, cover the area to prevent infection. After cleaning, loosely cover the burn with a sterile, non-stick bandage to prevent infection and minimize rubbing.
Ongoing Care and Healing at Home
After initial first aid, consistent care supports healing. Gently clean the burn daily with mild soap and water. Pat the area dry with a clean cloth or gauze.
To maintain a moist healing environment, apply petroleum jelly or antibiotic ointment to a non-stick dressing before placing it on the burn. Change dressings at least daily, or more often if wet or soiled, to maintain hygiene. If a dressing sticks, soak it in warm water for removal.
Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) can help manage discomfort. Monitor for infection signs: increased redness, swelling, persistent pain, pus-like discharge, or foul odor. A fever (above 38°C or 100.4°F) also indicates infection. Protect newly healed skin from injury or sun exposure, as it is sensitive.
When to Seek Professional Medical Care
While many minor second-degree burns are manageable at home, some require professional medical attention. Seek evaluation for burns larger than 3 inches or the size of a palm, or those on sensitive areas like the face, hands, feet, joints, or groin.
Any burn showing signs of infection (increased redness, swelling, pus, foul odor, or fever) needs prompt medical care. Also assess burns causing persistent severe pain despite over-the-counter medication. Very young children, elderly individuals, or those with underlying health conditions (e.g., diabetes, compromised immune system) should see a doctor due to increased complication risk.
Chemical or electrical burns always require immediate medical evaluation, regardless of apparent size or depth, as they can cause deeper, unseen damage. A medical professional can assess severity, prevent complications, and provide specialized treatment.