The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is North America’s smallest and most widespread bear. This medium-sized, adaptable omnivore is found across the continent, primarily inhabiting forested regions. Their diet shifts significantly with the seasons and available food, sometimes leading them into human communities.
Where Black Bears Are Found
Black bears are present across North America, from Alaska and Canada to the contiguous United States and northern Mexico. In the U.S., their current range is stable across most of the Northeast, extending continuously through the Appalachian Mountains from Maine to northern Georgia. They are also well-established in the northern Midwest, the Rocky Mountain region, and along the West Coast, including Alaska.
Black bear populations are established in at least 40 of the 50 states. Alaska holds the largest population, estimated at over 100,000 individuals. Within the contiguous U.S., California boasts the largest black bear population, with estimates ranging from 25,000 to 35,000 bears.
Other states with significant populations include Maine with about 35,000, Washington with 25,000 to 30,000, and Idaho with 20,000 to 30,000. While some states like Delaware no longer have breeding populations, black bear numbers are generally increasing and expanding into new areas, such as parts of Ohio, Illinois, and western Nebraska.
Why Black Bears Live Where They Do
The broad distribution of black bears is due to their adaptability to diverse habitats, which include various forest types, mountainous terrain, and even the edges of suburban areas. These bears thrive where they can find consistent food sources, consuming berries, nuts, insects, roots, small mammals, and carrion. Ideal habitats generally feature rugged terrain, dense undergrowth, and a plentiful supply of natural foods, particularly mast-producing trees.
Historically, black bears occupied nearly all forested areas of North America. While their range in the U.S. is now primarily limited to less densely populated forested regions, conservation efforts have been effective in allowing populations to recover and expand. Human development, however, can fragment habitats, compelling bears to seek sustenance in new territories. Protected areas play a significant role in supporting bear populations.
Living Alongside Black Bears
Black bears are typically shy and prefer to avoid humans. To minimize potential conflicts, secure all food attractants around homes and campsites. Garbage should be stored in bear-resistant containers or indoors and cleaned regularly to reduce odors. Bird feeders should be removed when bears are active, and outdoor grills should be thoroughly cleaned after each use.
If you encounter a black bear, remain calm and avoid running, which can trigger a chase response. Make your presence known by speaking calmly and slowly waving your arms to appear larger. Slowly back away, ensuring the bear has a clear escape route. If a black bear attacks, fight back vigorously; do not play dead.
Bears accustomed to human food sources can lose their natural wariness, leading to increased interactions.