New Jersey is home to a diverse array of snake species. Most species found in the state are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans. These reptiles play a beneficial role in maintaining ecological balance, primarily by controlling rodent and insect populations. Understanding New Jersey’s snakes can foster appreciation for these creatures.
New Jersey’s Non-Venomous Snakes
New Jersey hosts approximately 20 non-venomous snake species. The Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is one of the most widespread, often found in gardens, fields, and near water sources. These snakes typically have three stripes running down their bodies, usually yellow, green, or bluish, on an olive, brown, or black background. They are active hunters, preying on earthworms, amphibians, and small fish.
The Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) is another common species. Adults are shiny black with a white chin and throat, reaching lengths of 3.5 to 7 feet. Juveniles are gray with dark blotches. These constrictors are excellent climbers, found in forests, farmlands, and barns where they hunt rodents and birds.
The Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum) is often mistaken for venomous species due to its patterned appearance. It has a creamy gray ground color with red or brown blotches outlined in black along its back and sides. It has a light, Y- or V-shaped patch on the back of its head. Measuring 2 to over 4 feet, milk snakes inhabit fields, woodlands, and rocky areas, often seeking shelter under debris.
Northern Ring-necked Snakes (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii) are small, slender snakes, 10 to 30 inches long. They are characterized by their dark body (black, dark gray, or brown) and a yellow ring around their neck. Their underside is yellow, sometimes with small black dots. These secretive snakes prefer moist woodlands, often hiding under logs, rocks, or other ground cover.
Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) are found in freshwater habitats like streams, ponds, and lakes. They are brown or gray with darker brown, reddish, or black bands, which are narrower on the sides and wider along the back. While non-venomous, they can be defensive if disturbed and may bite, often leading to confusion with the venomous Eastern Copperhead due to similar coloration and habitat.
New Jersey’s Venomous Snakes
New Jersey is home to two venomous snake species: the Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus horridus). Both are pit vipers. They have triangular heads, heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils, and elliptical pupils. Encounters with these snakes are rare, as they tend to be reclusive.
The Eastern Copperhead is a medium-sized snake, 22 to 53 inches long, characterized by its reddish-brown or copper coloration. Its body pattern features hourglass-shaped bands that are wider on the sides and narrower across the back, providing excellent camouflage in leaf litter. Young copperheads may have a yellow-tipped tail, used to lure prey. Copperheads are found in the northern half of New Jersey, inhabiting rocky fields, woodlands, and old mulch piles. They are ambush predators, often remaining motionless to surprise prey.
The Timber Rattlesnake is a large, heavy-bodied snake, 35 to over 74 inches long, and is the only rattlesnake species in New Jersey. Its most recognizable feature is the rattle at the end of its tail, which it vibrates as a warning when threatened. It has two main color variations in New Jersey: a yellow phase with a yellow or brown ground color and dark V-shaped crossbands, and a black phase where dark pigment obscures much of the pattern. Timber Rattlesnakes are state-endangered in New Jersey and are found in rocky, wooded areas in the northern region, as well as in the Pine Barrens where they inhabit swamps and pine-oak forests.
Coexisting with Snakes
New Jersey residents share the environment with various wildlife, including snakes. Most snakes are shy and prefer to avoid human interaction, often hiding or fleeing when approached. All snake species in New Jersey are protected under the state’s Endangered and Nongame Species Conservation Act, making it illegal to kill, collect, or harass them.
To minimize encounters, keep lawns mowed short and remove debris piles like rocks, logs, and mulch, as these can attract snakes seeking shelter or prey. When walking outdoors, especially in wooded or overgrown areas, wearing appropriate footwear like boots can offer protection. Watch where you step and place your hands.
If a snake is encountered, give it ample space and allow it to move away on its own. Never attempt to touch, handle, or provoke a snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them. Snakes play a beneficial role in the ecosystem by controlling rodent populations, which can help prevent the spread of diseases. Their presence indicates a healthy environment, and respecting their space allows both humans and wildlife to thrive.