Kentucky is home to a diverse array of snake species that play an important role in the state’s ecosystems. Of the approximately 33 snake species found across Kentucky, only four are venomous, meaning the majority encountered are harmless and beneficial. Understanding these creatures and how to identify them promotes safety.
Venomous Snakes of Kentucky
Kentucky has four venomous snake species, all of which are pit vipers: the Copperhead, Western Cottonmouth, Timber Rattlesnake, and Pygmy Rattlesnake. These snakes possess heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils, aiding in prey detection. Recognizing their distinct features is important for safety.
The Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is the most frequently encountered venomous snake in Kentucky and can be found statewide, though it is less common in the Inner Bluegrass Region. It typically has a coppery-colored head and a body pattern of chestnut-colored hourglass-shaped bands that are wide on the sides and narrower across the back. Adult copperheads usually measure up to two feet in length, though some can reach four feet. Young copperheads have a lime-green or yellow tail tip.
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is Kentucky’s largest venomous snake, capable of reaching up to five feet in length. It is characterized by its heavy body and dark, often V-shaped, crossbands on a background color that can range from yellow, gray, brown, or greenish. A rattle on the tail tip is a clear indicator, though they typically only rattle when provoked. Timber rattlesnakes are primarily found in heavily forested areas, but are absent from the northern Bluegrass region.
The Western Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), also known as the water moccasin, is Kentucky’s only aquatic venomous snake. Its presence is primarily restricted to wetland habitats in the western half of Kentucky. When threatened, cottonmouths open their mouths wide to reveal the white, cotton-like interior. Young cottonmouths, similar to copperheads, also have yellowish tail tips.
The Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) is Kentucky’s smallest and rarest venomous snake, generally under two feet long. It has a light, grayish-brown body with dark spots or short bars. This snake has a very limited range in Kentucky. Its small rattle produces a quiet buzzing sound, often compared to an insect.
Non-Venomous Snakes of Kentucky
Kentucky is home to many non-venomous snake species, which are harmless to humans and contribute to the ecosystem by controlling pest populations. These snakes vary widely in appearance and habitat, and recognizing common species can help reduce fear.
The Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is one of Kentucky’s most widespread and frequently encountered snakes, found in various habitats. These slender snakes typically have three yellow, cream, or greenish stripes running down their bodies. They are generally between 18 and 26 inches long, though they are not venomous.
The Black Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus), also known as the Gray Rat Snake, is one of Kentucky’s largest snakes, often reaching five to six feet in length. Adults are typically shiny black or dark brown. Young rat snakes are grayish with darker blotches. These snakes are often found in forests and grassy areas, preying on rodents and birds.
The Common Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) is abundant throughout Kentucky and frequently inhabits aquatic environments. Often confused with the venomous cottonmouth, this non-venomous snake has a highly variable appearance, typically brown, gray, or black with spots or bands.
Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis species) are another group of non-venomous snakes found in Kentucky, known for their ability to prey on other snakes, including venomous ones, due to their immunity to pit viper venom. The Eastern Black Kingsnake (Lampropeltis nigra) is a widespread and common species, characterized by its black body. The Scarlet Kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides), though uncommon in Kentucky, is a colorful species with alternating bands of red, black, and yellow.
General Snake Identification
Identifying snakes can be challenging, but focusing on several general characteristics can provide clues about whether a snake is venomous or non-venomous. While these general rules have exceptions, they offer a starting point for observation.
Many venomous snakes in Kentucky, such as pit vipers, typically have a triangular or spade-shaped head that appears distinct from their neck, and their pupils are elliptical, resembling a cat’s eye. In contrast, most non-venomous snakes often have more slender, rounded heads that blend more smoothly with their bodies, and possess round pupils. However, some non-venomous species can flatten their heads when threatened, mimicking a triangular shape.
Another common indicator involves the scales on the underside of the tail. Venomous pit vipers in Kentucky usually have a single row of scales, while non-venomous snakes typically have a double row. Rattlesnakes are identifiable by the presence of a rattle on their tail, though counting the segments is not a reliable way to determine age. Some non-venomous snakes may vibrate their tails rapidly when alarmed, producing a sound that can be mistaken for a rattle.
Safe Encounters with Snakes
Encountering a snake can be surprising, but most snakes are not aggressive and prefer to avoid humans. The most important step when you see a snake is to remain calm and maintain a safe distance, ideally at least six feet. Snakes are generally more afraid of people and will typically try to escape if given the opportunity. It is always best to observe snakes from afar. Never attempt to capture, handle, or kill them, as most bites occur when people interfere.
To prevent snake encounters around your home, consider making your yard less appealing to them. Snakes seek shelter, food, and water. Keeping grass mowed short, trimming overgrown shrubs, and removing debris can reduce hiding spots. Controlling rodent populations also removes a food source that attracts snakes.
In the rare event of a snakebite, especially from a venomous snake, seeking immediate medical attention is essential. Call emergency services or go to the nearest hospital quickly. While waiting for medical help, try to keep the bitten area still and lower than the heart to help slow the spread of venom. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out the venom, or apply a tourniquet, as these methods are ineffective and can cause further harm. The only treatment for a venomous snakebite is antivenom, which must be administered in a hospital setting.