Arizona is home to a variety of fascinating wildlife, and among them are animals often described as “wild pigs.” These creatures roam the desert landscapes, sometimes venturing into urban areas, sparking curiosity about their identity and habits. Understanding these animals is important for residents and visitors alike, as it fosters appreciation for their role in the ecosystem and encourages safe interactions.
The Javelina: Arizona’s Unique “Wild Pig”
The primary animal referred to as a “wild pig” in Arizona is the javelina, also known as the collared peccary. While they bear a resemblance to pigs with their snout-like noses and stocky bodies, javelinas are not true pigs. They belong to a separate family of mammals called Tayassuidae, while true pigs are part of the Suidae family. This evolutionary separation occurred almost 40 million years ago, highlighting their distinct biological lineage. The common name “javelina” comes from the Spanish word for spear, referencing their sharp, tusk-like canine teeth.
Javelinas are native to the Americas, with their range extending from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America. In Arizona, they are common in central and southern regions. These animals have successfully adapted to various habitats, from desert washes to grasslands.
Distinctive Traits and Lifestyle of Javelinas
Javelinas are medium-sized animals, typically standing about 18 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder and weighing between 35 to 60 pounds. Their coarse coat is a mix of grizzled gray, black, and brown hair, with a distinctive band of lighter, whitish fur around their neck, giving them the “collared” part of their name.
These animals have poor eyesight but possess an excellent sense of smell and average hearing. A scent gland located above their short tail emits a musky odor, which herd members use to identify each other and mark territory. Javelinas are highly social, living in herds that typically range from 2 to 20 individuals.
Javelinas are primarily herbivores, consuming desert plants like cactus, agave, and mesquite beans. While mostly plant-eaters, they may occasionally eat insects or carrion. Javelinas are most active during the cooler parts of the day, seeking shade to escape the midday heat.
Absence of Feral Swine in Arizona
While javelinas are widespread, Arizona has largely managed to avoid the significant problem of true feral hogs (Sus scrofa) that plagues many other states. Feral hogs are descendants of domestic pigs, often interbred with European wild boars, and are considered an invasive species. They were introduced to North America over 300 years ago, primarily by Spanish missionaries. In Arizona, feral hogs have been sporadically sighted but have not established widespread breeding populations.
The Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) and other agencies work to prevent the establishment and spread of feral swine. Arizona is classified as a “level one” state for feral swine management, meaning the goal is complete eradication rather than just population control. Efforts include ground shooting, trapping, and aerial removal. Feral hogs are considered a nuisance in Arizona, and there are no specific hunting seasons for them; hunters can pursue them year-round with landowner permission.
Coexisting with Arizona’s Wild Pigs
Encountering javelinas is a common occurrence in Arizona, especially in areas bordering wildlands. It is important to remember that javelinas are wild animals and should be given space. Never feed javelinas, as this can cause them to lose their natural fear of humans and become aggressive when seeking food. Javelina bites, though rare, are almost always associated with people providing food.
To discourage javelinas from visiting residential areas, remove attractants such as pet food, birdseed, and unsecured garbage. Secure trash cans with locking lids and ensure compost is contained. Landscaping with plants javelinas typically avoid, such as daffodils or rosemary, can also help. If a javelina is too close, making loud noises, throwing small rocks, or spraying them with water can encourage them to leave.
When walking dogs in javelina country, keep them on a leash. Javelinas may perceive dogs as threats like coyotes and react defensively. If you encounter javelinas while with your dog, quickly move in a different direction. Javelinas have sharp tusks and can defend themselves or their young if cornered or threatened.