Vacuum aspiration, also known as suction aspiration, is a medical procedure that uses gentle suction to remove tissue from the uterus. It involves inserting a thin tube, called a cannula, into the uterus, where a specialized syringe or pump creates a vacuum to clear uterine contents.
Reasons for Vacuum Aspiration
Vacuum aspiration serves various medical purposes. It is frequently employed to manage a miscarriage, particularly when tissue remains in the uterus after a spontaneous loss, such as incomplete or missed miscarriages.
The procedure is also a method for induced abortion, especially during the first trimester. It can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as obtaining a uterine lining sample for a biopsy, which helps diagnose conditions like abnormal bleeding.
Understanding the Procedure
The vacuum aspiration procedure begins with the patient positioned on an examination table, similar to a pelvic exam. A speculum is inserted into the vagina to access the cervix. The cervix, the opening to the uterus, is then cleansed with an antiseptic solution. A local anesthetic is often injected into or near the cervix to minimize discomfort. If needed, the clinician may gently widen the cervical opening using small, progressively larger instruments called dilators to ensure safe cannula insertion.
A thin tube, or cannula, is then guided through the cervix into the uterus. This cannula connects to a suction source. There are two primary types: Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) uses a hand-held syringe to create suction, while Electric Vacuum Aspiration (EVA) employs an electric pump. Once suction is applied, uterine contents are removed through the cannula into a collection container. The procedure typically lasts between 5 to 15 minutes.
Preparing for and Recovering from Vacuum Aspiration
Before undergoing vacuum aspiration, patients receive specific instructions. This can involve guidance on eating and drinking, and taking prescribed pain medication or antibiotics beforehand. Medical staff will confirm uterine size and position through a physical examination and may administer medication to help soften the cervix. Patients typically sign consent forms and have an opportunity to ask questions.
Immediately following the procedure, patients are moved to a recovery area for observation. Medical staff monitor for any immediate effects, such as excessive bleeding or discomfort. Most individuals can return home within an hour or two after the procedure, once they feel stable. Initial instructions often include resting and using sanitary pads to monitor any bleeding.
Common Side Effects and Follow-Up Care
After vacuum aspiration, it is common to experience some physical sensations. Light bleeding or spotting, similar to a menstrual period, can occur for up to two weeks. Mild to moderate cramping, which may feel like menstrual cramps, is also normal and can persist for a few days to a few weeks as the uterus returns to its pre-procedure size. Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage this discomfort.
Follow-up care is important. Patients should use sanitary pads instead of tampons to monitor bleeding and avoid douching or vaginal sex for a period recommended by their healthcare provider to reduce the risk of infection. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms such as pain not relieved by medication, fever, heavy bleeding (soaking more than two sanitary pads per hour for over two consecutive hours), large blood clots, or unusual vaginal discharge develop. Persistent pregnancy symptoms also warrant a call to the doctor.