An ulcerating wound is an open sore on an internal or external body surface. It forms when tissue breaks down, leading to a loss of the protective layer that normally covers organs or skin.
What Causes Ulceration
Ulcers often arise from factors that compromise tissue integrity and blood flow. Prolonged pressure on an area, such as from lying or sitting for extended periods, can restrict blood supply and cause tissue death. Poor circulation, where blood vessels do not deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to tissues, also contributes to their development, often due to narrowed or hardened arteries.
Infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal) can directly damage tissues and trigger ulceration. Inflammation, a body’s response to injury or infection, can also lead to tissue breakdown if chronic or severe. Trauma, such as a cut, burn, or repetitive friction, can initiate an ulcer.
Certain underlying medical conditions increase susceptibility to ulcer formation. Diabetes can impair nerve function and circulation, making individuals prone to foot ulcers. Autoimmune diseases, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, can also cause ulcers in various locations.
Where Ulcers Commonly Occur
Ulcers can appear in diverse body locations, each with distinct characteristics and common triggers. Skin ulcers are frequently encountered, including pressure ulcers (bedsores) which develop over bony prominences due to sustained pressure. Venous leg ulcers, typically around the ankles, result from impaired blood flow back to the heart, causing blood to pool and damage skin. Arterial ulcers, on the feet or toes, are caused by poor arterial blood supply. Diabetic foot ulcers often form on the bottom of the feet due to nerve damage and reduced circulation.
Mouth ulcers are common and can manifest as small, painful sores inside the cheeks, lips, or on the tongue. Canker sores (aphthous ulcers) are a common mouth ulcer with an unknown exact cause, though stress and minor injury may contribute. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus and typically appear as blisters around the lips before breaking open and forming ulcers.
Gastrointestinal ulcers occur within the digestive tract, with peptic ulcers being the most recognized. These form in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A common cause for peptic ulcers is infection with Helicobacter pylori, which can damage the protective lining. Frequent use of certain pain relievers, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can also erode the stomach lining and lead to ulcer formation. Genital ulcers can also occur, often as a symptom of certain infections.
Recognizing and Addressing Ulcers
Recognizing the signs of an ulcer is important for proper management. Common symptoms include persistent pain or discomfort at the wound site. The affected area may appear red, swollen, or tender, indicating ongoing inflammation. Discharge, such as pus or clear fluid, can also be present, suggesting infection or tissue breakdown.
A defining characteristic of an ulcer is a wound that shows little or no signs of healing over a typical timeframe. If an open sore is growing larger, deepening, or not improving with basic wound care, it warrants attention. Seeking medical attention is recommended for any suspected ulcer.
Professional diagnosis is important to determine the underlying cause and appropriate course of action. This helps prevent complications, such as widespread infection or further tissue damage. Addressing the root cause, rather than just the visible sore, is important for effective management.