Ubiquinone is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like compound that occurs naturally and is found in nearly every cell of the human body. Its name is derived from the word “ubiquitous,” reflecting its widespread presence. This substance is one of the two primary forms of a broader nutrient known as Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).
The Role of Ubiquinone in the Body
Ubiquinone performs two distinct functions within the body, primarily centered on energy and protection. Its most recognized role is in cellular energy production. Deep inside our cells are structures called mitochondria, which act as microscopic power plants. Ubiquinone is a direct participant in a process within the mitochondria called the electron transport chain, which is responsible for creating about 95% of the body’s energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Within this complex chain, ubiquinone functions as an electron carrier, shuttling electrons between protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This transfer of electrons is a fundamental step that drives the production of ATP, the main energy currency used to power all cellular activities. Organs with high energy requirements, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, contain the highest concentrations of ubiquinone.
Beyond its involvement in energy metabolism, ubiquinone acts as a lipid-soluble antioxidant. During the process of ATP production, unstable molecules called free radicals are generated as a byproduct. These molecules can cause damage to cellular components like membranes, proteins, and DNA through a process called oxidative stress. Ubiquinone, in its reduced form, can neutralize these free radicals by donating electrons, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Ubiquinone vs. Ubiquinol
Coenzyme Q10 exists in two forms: ubiquinone and ubiquinol. Ubiquinone is the oxidized form of CoQ10, which means it has given up its electrons. In contrast, ubiquinol is the reduced or active antioxidant form, which is electron-rich and ready to donate those electrons to neutralize free radicals. When you consume ubiquinone through diet or supplements, your body must first convert it into ubiquinol to utilize its antioxidant capabilities.
This conversion is a continuous cycle. Inside the mitochondria, ubiquinone accepts electrons during the energy production process, transforming into ubiquinol. This newly formed ubiquinol can then donate its electrons to neutralize free radicals, at which point it reverts back to ubiquinone, ready to participate in the energy cycle again. This constant cycling between the two forms allows CoQ10 to perform its dual roles in energy synthesis and antioxidant defense.
The body’s efficiency at converting ubiquinone to ubiquinol can decrease with age or in the presence of certain health conditions. This has led to the development of supplements containing the pre-converted ubiquinol form. Research suggests that ubiquinol may be more bioavailable, particularly for older adults or those with compromised health.
Sources and Bodily Production
The body has the ability to produce most of the Coenzyme Q10 it requires through a complex synthesis process involving the amino acid tyrosine and the mevalonate pathway. However, levels of this endogenously synthesized compound naturally decline with age.
In addition to what the body makes, CoQ10 can be obtained from various dietary sources, though in small amounts. Animal products, especially organ meats like heart, liver, and kidney, contain some of the highest concentrations. Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and sardines are also good sources.
Plant-based sources include certain oils like soy oil, as well as nuts and seeds. Some vegetables, like spinach and broccoli, and whole grains also provide trace amounts of the nutrient. Obtaining a significant amount of CoQ10 from food alone can be challenging; for instance, you would need to consume dozens of chicken breasts or avocados to get the amount found in a typical supplement.
Factors Affecting Ubiquinone Levels
Several factors can lead to reduced levels of ubiquinone and its active form, ubiquinol, in the body. The natural aging process is a primary factor. The body’s ability to synthesize CoQ10 peaks in the first two decades of life and then begins to decline, which can contribute to some age-related changes in cellular function.
The use of certain medications is another factor. Statins, a class of drugs widely prescribed to lower cholesterol, are known to decrease the body’s CoQ10 levels. This occurs because statins inhibit an enzyme pathway shared in the production of both cholesterol and CoQ10. This reduction can sometimes lead to muscle-related side effects in statin users.
Certain health conditions are also associated with lower CoQ10 levels. Individuals with conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders often have lower concentrations of this compound. The increased oxidative stress associated with these diseases can deplete CoQ10 stores more rapidly, while genetic mutations can also directly affect its production.
Supplementation Considerations
Given the factors that can lower CoQ10 levels, some individuals may consider supplementation. Ubiquinone has been available longer and has been used in the majority of clinical trials. It is fat-soluble, so its absorption is improved when taken with a meal containing fats or oils.
The ubiquinol form is often marketed as being more bioavailable. Some research indicates that this form may be more readily absorbed and effective at increasing blood levels of CoQ10, especially in older adults or those whose ability to convert ubiquinone to ubiquinol may be compromised. However, other studies have found no significant difference in bioavailability.
Supplements are not regulated by the FDA for purity or dosage accuracy in the same way as prescription drugs. Choosing products that have been independently tested by third-party labs can provide greater assurance of quality. Before starting any new supplement regimen, consulting with a doctor is recommended to determine if there is a need and to discuss the most appropriate form and dosage for individual health circumstances.