The term “cuticle” often brings to mind the thin ridge of skin at the base of a fingernail. While in dermatology “cuticle” can refer to the epidermis, for nail care the focus remains on the nail cuticle. This specific area is frequently a subject of debate in manicures.
The Function of the Cuticle
The primary role of the cuticle is to protect the nail matrix, the area under the skin where new nail cells are produced. The cuticle acts as a natural barrier, sealing the space between the finger and the nail plate to prevent bacteria and debris from entering the sensitive matrix area.
It is important to distinguish between the eponychium and the cuticle. The eponychium is the small fold of living skin that borders the base of the nail. The true cuticle is the thin layer of non-living, translucent tissue shed from the eponychium that adheres to the nail plate. The living eponychium should not be cut, while the non-living cuticle can be managed safely.
Risks of Cuticle Removal
Cutting the eponychium breaks the protective seal it forms, creating an entry point for microorganisms that can lead to infections. A common infection is paronychia, a condition characterized by redness, swelling, and tenderness around the nail. This condition can be painful and may require medical treatment.
Improper cutting can also damage the nail matrix, which can manifest as irregularities in the growing nail like white spots or ridges. Cutting the living tissue of the eponychium can cause it to grow back thicker and harder. This also increases the likelihood of developing hangnails, which are small, torn pieces of skin that can be painful.
Proper Cuticle Care
Safe and effective cuticle care focuses on moisturizing and gently grooming, not cutting. This process begins by soaking fingertips in warm, soapy water for about 10 minutes to soften the skin and clean the nails. This makes the subsequent steps easier and safer.
After soaking, apply a cuticle remover or a specialized cuticle oil to soften the dead tissue on the nail plate. Once the product has had a moment to work, use a wooden orangewood stick or a rubber-tipped pusher to gently push back the softened cuticle. It is important to be gentle to avoid damaging the eponychium or the nail bed.
Consistent moisturizing is a primary step for long-term cuticle health. Daily application of a cuticle oil or cream helps prevent the skin from becoming dry, cracked, or ragged. Well-moisturized cuticles are less likely to form hangnails and they provide a better protective barrier for the nail matrix.