The Hawaiian Islands are known for their stunning natural beauty, attributed in part to their diverse and vibrant plant life. The flora of this archipelago showcases unique species that have evolved in isolation, creating a lush tapestry of colors and forms. These botanical wonders contribute to the islands’ reputation as a tropical paradise. Abundant blooms are deeply woven into Hawaiian culture and daily life.
Hawaii’s Official State Flower
Hawaii’s official state flower is the yellow Hibiscus brackenridgei, known in Hawaiian as Maʻo Hau Hele, and was designated in 1988. This native Hawaiian hibiscus is a sprawling shrub or small tree that can reach up to 5 meters (16 feet) tall. Its bright yellow flowers typically measure 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) across, featuring five petals and a yellow staminal column that often has a red or maroon spot in the center. The leaves are medium green, somewhat rough, and can be 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long, sometimes with three to seven lobes similar to a maple leaf.
The Maʻo Hau Hele is endemic to Hawaii, thriving in dry forests and shrublands at elevations ranging from 120 to 790 meters (400 to 2,600 feet) above sea level. Despite its status as the state flower, Hibiscus brackenridgei is considered critically endangered, with a total known wild population of less than 20 mature plants and about 50 individuals across five subpopulations. It was listed as an Endangered Species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1994, and its populations continue to decline due to factors like habitat degradation, invasive species, and fire.
Other Beloved Hawaiian Flowers
Beyond the official state flower, many other blooms are widely associated with the Hawaiian Islands, contributing to their iconic floral landscape. The plumeria, though not native to Hawaii, is one of the most recognizable, known for its sweet fragrance and delicate, waxy petals. Introduced to the islands in the 1860s, plumerias are frequently used in leis and symbolize love, beauty, and new beginnings. They thrive in warm, tropical climates and are cultivated in various colors, including white, yellow, pink, and orange.
Anthuriums are popular, characterized by their heart-shaped, waxy “flowers” (actually modified leaves called spathes) and wide range of colors. Native to Central and South American rainforests, they were brought to Hawaii in the late 19th century and are now significant in the state’s agricultural industry. Orchids, with their intricate patterns and diverse colors, are common in Hawaii, with over 500 species found across the islands. They are frequently used in leis and appreciated for their beauty and resilience. The Bird of Paradise flower, resembling a colorful bird in flight with its unique orange and blue hues, adds a striking element to Hawaii’s floral palette.
Cultural Importance of Hawaiian Flowers
Flowers hold deep cultural significance in Hawaii, extending beyond their aesthetic appeal. They are interwoven into traditions and daily life, symbolizing fundamental concepts such as love, respect, welcome, and the spirit of Aloha. Leis, the traditional Hawaiian garlands made from flowers, leaves, shells, or seeds, are a prominent example of this cultural integration. These fragrant adornments are given to honor individuals, express feelings, and mark important occasions like arrivals, graduations, weddings, and celebrations.
The specific flowers and their colors used in leis can convey different messages; for instance, the yellow hibiscus represents graceful beauty and hospitality. In hula performances, dancers often wear leis made from particular plants that are sacred to certain deities, such as lehua flowers for the volcano goddess Pele or maile for the hula goddess Laka. The act of giving and receiving a lei is a gesture of goodwill and connection, embodying the warmth and hospitality of the Hawaiian people.