A swollen testicle can be an alarming symptom, characterized by an enlargement of one or both testicles. This is a common occurrence that can stem from various health issues. While sometimes benign, testicular swelling always warrants medical evaluation to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The Primary Suspect: Epididymitis
Epididymitis is the most frequent cause of a swollen testicle. This condition involves the inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located at the back of each testicle responsible for storing and transporting sperm. The inflammation typically leads to pain and swelling.
Bacterial infections commonly trigger epididymitis. These can include sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, or other bacterial sources like urinary tract infections (UTIs). In some instances, non-infectious factors, such as trauma or autoimmune conditions, can also contribute to its development. Symptoms generally appear gradually, involving testicular pain, tenderness, and swelling, sometimes accompanied by fever and chills.
Treatment for bacterial epididymitis primarily involves antibiotics, typically prescribed for one to two weeks, though the swelling may take longer to subside. Rest, pain relief, and scrotal support are also recommended to alleviate discomfort. Early medical attention is important to prevent potential complications like abscess formation or, in rare cases, fertility issues.
Other Potential Reasons
Beyond epididymitis, several other conditions can cause testicular swelling.
A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac around the testicle, causing swelling that may feel like a water balloon. Often painless, it can cause discomfort or heaviness as it grows, and is common in infants but can occur at any age.
Testicular torsion is a medical emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It causes sudden, severe pain, often with swelling, nausea, and vomiting. Prompt surgery is necessary to save the testicle, as delayed treatment leads to permanent damage.
An inguinal hernia can cause testicular swelling when intestine or fatty tissue protrudes into the scrotum. This results in a visible bulge, pain, and pressure, especially with coughing or straining.
Orchitis is inflammation of the testicle itself, often from viral infections like mumps, or bacterial infections, sometimes progressing from epididymitis. Symptoms include pain and swelling, affecting one or both testicles.
Trauma to the scrotal area can cause immediate pain, swelling, and bruising. While minor injuries may resolve, significant trauma requires medical evaluation.
Testicular cancer, though less common, can also cause a swollen testicle. It typically presents as a painless lump or swelling, or an enlargement, and may be accompanied by a feeling of heaviness.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Any new swelling or pain in the testicle warrants prompt medical evaluation. Ignoring these symptoms can lead to delayed diagnosis of serious conditions. Seek immediate medical help if you experience sudden, severe testicular pain, as this can indicate testicular torsion.
Additional warning signs necessitating urgent care include testicular pain accompanied by fever, nausea, or vomiting. Swelling after an injury, persistent swelling, or a newly discovered lump should also be evaluated without delay. Self-diagnosis is not appropriate for testicular swelling, given the range of potential causes and the need for timely, accurate medical assessment.
Understanding Diagnosis and Treatment
When seeking medical attention for a swollen testicle, a healthcare provider will typically begin with a thorough medical history and a physical examination. This initial assessment helps narrow down potential causes. Further diagnostic methods may include urine tests for infections, and ultrasound imaging to visualize internal structures and assess blood flow.
Treatment for a swollen testicle depends on the underlying cause. For bacterial infections like epididymitis or orchitis, antibiotics are the primary course of action. Conditions like testicular torsion or an incarcerated inguinal hernia often require immediate surgical intervention to correct the issue and prevent complications.
In cases of fluid accumulation, such as a hydrocele, treatment may involve watchful waiting if it’s not causing significant discomfort, or surgical drainage if it becomes problematic. For other causes like trauma, supportive care including rest, ice, and pain relief may be sufficient. Regardless of the cause, adhering to medical advice and completing the prescribed treatment plan is important for a full recovery.