The Macaronesian biogeographical region is a collection of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. They share natural characteristics, setting them apart as a distinct ecological area. The name “Macaronesia” originates from Greek words meaning “blessed” or “fortunate islands.” Their isolation and geological history contribute to their unique status.
The Atlantic Archipelagos
The Macaronesian region encompasses four primary archipelagos: the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. The Azores, a Portuguese archipelago, are situated roughly halfway between the European and American continents, covering about 2,300 square kilometers. Madeira, also Portuguese, is located approximately 750 kilometers west of Morocco, spanning around 800 square kilometers.
The Canary Islands, belonging to Spain, are positioned about 100 kilometers off the coast of Africa and are the largest component of the region, covering about 7,200 square kilometers. Cape Verde, an independent nation, lies further south in the Atlantic.
A Cradle of Unique Life
The Macaronesian islands exhibit exceptional biodiversity, characterized by a high degree of endemism, meaning many species are found nowhere else on Earth. Their volcanic origins and geographic isolation have allowed for distinct evolutionary pathways to develop over millions of years. The varied landscapes, ranging from arid and rocky areas to humid mountain forests, support a diverse array of life.
A notable example of this uniqueness is the presence of ancient laurel forests, or Laurisilva, particularly prominent in Madeira and the western Canary Islands. The islands are also home to numerous endemic plant species, with the Canary Islands alone accounting for about 705 endemic vascular plant species, representing approximately 32% of their total vascular flora. Unique animal life includes specific bird species and reptiles that have adapted to these isolated environments.
Shared Natural Heritage
Beyond their individual unique species, the Macaronesian islands are unified by several overarching natural characteristics. Their oceanic climate patterns, influenced by Atlantic currents, create mild temperatures and contribute to their distinct ecosystems. The shared volcanic origins are a fundamental geological feature across all archipelagos, shaping their topography and soil composition.
The region is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, reflecting its high concentration of endemic species and significant habitat loss. This designation highlights the collective natural value of these islands and the need for conservation efforts. The combination of their volcanic genesis, oceanic climate, and resulting unique evolutionary processes collectively binds them as a cohesive and distinct biogeographical region in the North Atlantic.