Awapuhi, scientifically known as Zingiber zerumbet, is a tropical plant with a distinctive appearance and versatile applications. Often called Shampoo Ginger, Pinecone Ginger, or Bitter Ginger, this herbaceous perennial is native to Asia and Australia and naturalized in Hawaii. It is recognized for its lush green foliage and unique cone-shaped inflorescences that transition from green to a vibrant red as they mature. These cones contain a fragrant, clear liquid traditionally used as a natural shampoo and conditioner, giving the plant its common name.
Awapuhi’s Ideal Growing Zones
Awapuhi thrives in warm, tropical and subtropical climates, making it suitable for outdoor cultivation in specific regions. It is grown outdoors year-round as a perennial in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8 through 12. While some sources indicate zones 9-11, its range can extend to zone 8, particularly 8b, with adequate protection.
The plant’s ability to tolerate short-term freezes is noted, but prolonged or severe frost can be damaging. In zones at the colder end of its range, such as USDA Zone 8, the above-ground foliage may die back during winter, but the underground rhizomes can survive if properly mulched. For gardeners in colder zones outside of this range, Awapuhi can be cultivated as an annual or grown in containers and brought indoors to protect it from freezing temperatures.
Essential Environmental Conditions
Awapuhi flourishes under environmental conditions that mimic its tropical native habitat. An optimal temperature range for its growth is between 71 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit. While it can endure short periods of colder temperatures, consistent warmth is conducive to its robust development.
High humidity is also important for Awapuhi. This plant prefers partial shade, especially in areas with intense afternoon sun, as direct, harsh sunlight can cause its leaves to yellow or burn. It can tolerate some full sun, but filtered light or morning sun with afternoon shade is recommended for healthier foliage.
The plant requires rich, well-draining soil that is high in organic matter. A soil pH ranging from slightly acidic to neutral is suitable for Awapuhi. Consistent soil moisture is necessary, but the plant should never be left in waterlogged conditions, which can lead to rhizome rot.
Cultivating Awapuhi Successfully
Successful cultivation of Awapuhi requires attention to planting and ongoing care. When planting rhizomes, place them 2 to 4 inches deep with growth tips facing upward. Space rhizomes 10 to 36 inches apart, as the plant spreads significantly. The best time to plant is after the last frost, when temperatures are consistently warm.
Maintaining consistent soil moisture is important throughout the growing season, from late spring to late fall. While Awapuhi tolerates some drought once established, newly planted specimens benefit from regular watering to keep the soil consistently damp but not soggy. Reducing watering during its winter dormancy period is advisable.
Awapuhi benefits from a balanced, slow-release fertilizer applied every 6 to 8 weeks during the spring and summer growing months. Alternatively, amending the soil with well-rotted compost or cow manure can provide necessary nutrients. Applying a thick layer of organic mulch around the base of the plant helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
For those in borderline zones, protecting outdoor plants from occasional light frost is important. This can involve covering plants with frost cloth or applying a generous layer of mulch over the rhizomes.
Container growing is a practical solution for gardeners outside ideal zones, allowing plants to be moved indoors during colder months. When growing in pots, ensure the container has drainage holes to prevent waterlogging, and use a rich, well-draining potting mix.