The dorsalis pedis artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the top of the foot, serving as the main source of blood for its dorsal, or upper, surface. This artery’s location makes it a readily accessible point for healthcare professionals to assess blood circulation to the foot and lower leg.
Anatomy and Location of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery
The dorsalis pedis artery originates at the front of the ankle joint, continuing from the anterior tibial artery. It travels over the bones on the top of the foot toward the space between the big toe and the second toe. This vessel is superficial, lying close to the skin’s surface, and its path concludes when it divides into the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery.
Locating the pulse is a straightforward process. It can be felt on the top of the foot, just outside the prominent tendon extending to the big toe, known as the extensor hallucis longus tendon. Place two fingers, like the index and middle fingers, on this area and apply light pressure. Using the thumb is generally avoided because it has its own pulse, which can cause confusion. The navicular bone can also serve as a landmark for finding the artery.
Function and Clinical Significance
The primary function of the dorsalis pedis artery is to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the muscles and bones on the dorsal side of the foot. The artery also communicates with the blood supply on the sole of the foot through its deep plantar artery branch, ensuring comprehensive blood flow.
The artery serves as an important site for clinical assessment. Healthcare providers check the dorsalis pedis pulse to evaluate blood flow to the lower extremities, especially after a leg injury, surgery, or during evaluation for circulatory problems. A strong and steady pulse typically indicates healthy peripheral circulation.
Absence or Weakness of the Pulse
In some individuals, the dorsalis pedis artery pulse may be naturally absent or difficult to find. This anatomical variation occurs in a small percentage of the healthy population, affecting an estimated 2-3% of people. In such cases, the foot’s blood supply is adequately provided by other arteries, and this absence is not a cause for concern.
A new weakness or the sudden disappearance of a previously present pulse can indicate an underlying health issue. One of the most common causes of a diminished pulse is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), where plaque builds up in the arteries and reduces blood flow. Other potential causes for a weak or absent pulse include trauma to the leg or a blood clot that obstructs the artery. Any change in pulse strength warrants a medical evaluation.