A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray of the breast tissue, allowing healthcare providers to visualize internal breast structures. This imaging method can detect changes too small to feel during a physical examination. Mammograms serve as a tool for both routine check-ups and the investigation of specific breast concerns.
Screening Mammograms
Screening mammograms are routine X-ray examinations for individuals without breast symptoms. Their primary objective is to detect breast cancer early, often before any signs or symptoms develop, when it is most treatable. These mammograms are typically recommended for women over 40 or 50, with specific guidelines varying by medical organization.
During a screening mammogram, a technologist positions one breast at a time on a support plate. A clear plastic paddle then compresses the breast gently to spread out the tissue and ensure clear images. Usually, two views of each breast are taken: one from top to bottom and an angled side view. The entire procedure is generally brief, often completed within 15 to 20 minutes.
Diagnostic Mammograms
Diagnostic mammograms are performed to investigate specific breast concerns or to further evaluate an abnormal finding from a screening mammogram. These concerns might include a new breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, or changes in breast size or skin appearance. They are targeted investigations, not routine preventive exams.
The procedure for a diagnostic mammogram is similar to a screening mammogram but often involves additional and specialized imaging. The technologist may take more views of the breast, including magnified or “spot compression” views, to focus on the area of concern. A radiologist often reviews the images in real-time during the appointment, allowing them to request further views or additional imaging, such as an ultrasound. This real-time evaluation means that diagnostic mammogram appointments usually take longer.
Key Distinctions and Purpose
The primary difference between screening and diagnostic mammograms lies in their purpose and the patient’s status. Screening mammograms are for individuals without symptoms, aiming for early detection of breast cancer. Diagnostic mammograms are for those with specific breast concerns or an abnormal screening result. Screening mammograms are routine and proactive, whereas diagnostic mammograms are reactive and problem-focused.
The procedural approach also differs. Screening mammograms typically involve a standard set of two views per breast. Diagnostic mammograms often include additional views, such as magnification or spot compression, for more detailed images. Radiologist involvement is another distinguishing factor; screening images are usually interpreted after the appointment. For diagnostic mammograms, a radiologist often reviews the images immediately with the patient present.
The outcome and subsequent steps vary. A normal screening mammogram leads to continued routine follow-up. If a screening mammogram indicates a suspicious finding, a diagnostic mammogram is the next step. Diagnostic mammogram results may lead to further imaging, such as an ultrasound or MRI, or a biopsy to determine if an abnormality is cancerous.